d1189413_20-f.htm
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 20-F
(Mark One)
[ ] |
REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
[X] |
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
|
For the fiscal year ended |
December 31, 2010 |
|
[ ] |
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
|
For the transition period from |
|
to |
|
[ ] |
SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
|
Date of event requiring this shell company report |
|
Commission file number |
000-50113 |
|
Golar LNG Limited |
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter) |
|
(Translation of Registrant's name into English) |
|
Bermuda |
(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |
|
Par-la-Ville Place, 14 Par-la-Ville Road, Hamilton, HM 08, Bermuda |
(Address of principal executive offices) |
|
Georgina Sousa, (1) 441 295 4705, (1) 441 295 3494 |
|
|
Par-la-Ville Place, 14 Par-la-Ville Road, Hamilton, HM 08, Bermuda |
|
(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to section 12(b) of the Act.
Title of each class |
|
Name of each exchange
on which registered
|
Common Shares, par value, $1.00 per share |
|
NASDAQ Global Select Market |
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act.
Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act.
Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer's classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.
67,808,200 Common Shares, par $1.00, per share |
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 of 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act 1934.
Note- Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 from their obligations under those Sections.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of "accelerated filer and large accelerated filer" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one).
Large accelerated filer
|
|
Accelerated filer
|
X
|
Non-accelerated filer
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:
U.S. GAAP
|
X
|
International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting
Standards Board
|
|
Other
|
|
If "Other" has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.
If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court.
INDEX TO REPORT ON FORM 20-F
PART I
|
|
PAGE
|
|
|
|
ITEM 1.
|
IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS
|
2
|
|
|
|
ITEM 2.
|
OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE
|
2
|
|
|
|
ITEM 3.
|
KEY INFORMATION
|
2
|
|
|
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ITEM 4.
|
INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY
|
27
|
|
|
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ITEM 4A.
|
UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
|
48
|
|
|
|
ITEM 5.
|
OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS
|
48
|
|
|
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ITEM 6.
|
DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES
|
74
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|
|
|
ITEM 7.
|
MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
|
77
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|
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ITEM 8.
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FINANCIAL INFORMATION
|
78
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|
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ITEM 9.
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THE OFFER AND LISTING
|
79
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|
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ITEM 10.
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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
|
80
|
|
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ITEM 11.
|
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
|
87
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|
|
|
ITEM 12.
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DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES
|
88
|
|
|
|
PART II
|
|
|
|
|
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ITEM 13.
|
DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES
|
88
|
|
|
|
ITEM 14.
|
MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS
|
88
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ITEM 15.
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CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
|
88
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ITEM 16A.
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AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT
|
90
|
|
|
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ITEM 16B.
|
CODE OF ETHICS
|
90
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|
|
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ITEM 16C.
|
PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
|
90
|
|
|
|
ITEM 16D.
|
EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES
|
91
|
|
|
|
ITEM 16E.
|
PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS
|
91
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|
|
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ITEM 16F.
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CHANGE IN REGISTRANT'S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT
|
91
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|
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ITEM 16G.
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CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
|
91
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|
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PART III
|
|
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ITEM 17.
|
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
|
92
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|
|
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ITEM 18.
|
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
|
92
|
|
|
|
ITEM 19.
|
EXHIBITS
|
93
|
CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS
Matters discussed in this report may constitute forward-looking statements. The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides safe harbor protections for forward-looking statements in order to encourage companies to provide prospective information about their business. Forward-looking statements include statements concerning plans, objectives, goals, strategies, future events or performance, and underlying assumptions and other statements, which are other than statements of historical facts.
Golar LNG Limited, or the Company, desires to take advantage of the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and is including this cautionary statement in connection with this safe harbor legislation. This report and any other written or oral statements made by us or on our behalf may include forward-looking statements, which reflect our current views with respect to future events and financial performance. When used in this report, the words "believe," "anticipate," "intend," "estimate," "forecast," "project," "plan," "potential," "will," "may," "should," "expect" and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements.
The forward-looking statements in this report are based upon various assumptions, many of which are based, in turn, upon further assumptions, including without limitation, management's examination of historical operating trends, data contained in our records and other data available from third parties. Although we believe that these assumptions were reasonable when made, because these assumptions are inherently subject to significant uncertainties and contingencies which are difficult or impossible to predict and are beyond our control, we cannot assure you that we will achieve or accomplish these expectations, beliefs or projections.
In addition to these important factors and matters discussed elsewhere herein and in the documents incorporated by reference herein, important factors that, in our view, could cause actual results to differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements include: inability of the Company to obtain financing for the newbuilding vessels at all or on favorable terms; changes in demand; a material decline or prolonged weakness in rates for liquefied natural gas, or LNG, carriers; political events affecting production in areas in which natural gas is produced and demand for natural gas in areas to which our vessels deliver; changes in demand for natural gas generally or in particular regions; changes in the financial stability of our major customers; adoption of new rules and regulations applicable to LNG carriers and FSRUs; actions taken by regulatory authorities that may prohibit the access of LNG carriers or FSRUs to various ports; our inability to achieve successful utilization of our expanded fleet and inability to expand beyond the carriage of LNG; increases in costs including: crew wages, insurance, provisions, repairs and maintenance; changes in general domestic and international political conditions; the current turmoil in the global financial markets and deterioration thereof; changes in applicable maintenance or regulatory standards that could affect our anticipated drydocking or maintenance and repair costs; our ability to timely complete our FSRU conversions; failure of shipyards to comply with delivery schedules on a timely basis and other factors listed from time to time in registration statements, reports or other materials that the Company has filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the Commission.
PART I
ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS
Not Applicable
ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE
Not Applicable
Throughout this report, the "Company," "Golar," "Golar LNG," "we," "us" and "our" all refer to Golar LNG Limited and to its wholly owned subsidiaries. Unless otherwise indicated, all references to "USD,""U.S.$" and "$" in this report are U.S. dollars.
A. Selected Financial Data
The following selected consolidated financial and other data summarize our historical consolidated financial information. We derived the information as of December 31, 2010 and 2009 and for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2010 from our audited Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 18 of this annual report on Form 20-F, which were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or U.S. GAAP.
The selected income statement data with respect to the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006 and the selected balance sheet data as of December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 has been derived from audited consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP not included herein.
The following table should also be read in conjunction with the section of this annual report entitled Item 5, "Operating and Financial Review and Prospects" and our Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto included herein.
|
|
Fiscal Year Ended
December 31,
|
|
|
|
2010
|
|
|
2009
|
|
|
2008
|
|
|
2007
|
|
|
2006
|
|
|
|
(in thousands of U.S. $, except number of shares, per common share data, fleet and other financial data)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Income Statement Data:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total operating revenues
|
|
|
244,045 |
|
|
|
216,495 |
|
|
|
228,779 |
|
|
|
224,674 |
|
|
|
239,697 |
|
Gain on sale of vessel/newbuilding
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
78,108 |
|
|
|
41,088 |
|
|
|
- |
|
Vessel operating expenses (1)
|
|
|
52,910 |
|
|
|
60,709 |
|
|
|
61,868 |
|
|
|
52,986 |
|
|
|
44,490 |
|
Voyage and charter-hire expenses (2)
|
|
|
32,311 |
|
|
|
39,463 |
|
|
|
33,126 |
|
|
|
10,763 |
|
|
|
9,582 |
|
Administrative expenses
|
|
|
22,832 |
|
|
|
19,958 |
|
|
|
17,815 |
|
|
|
18,645 |
|
|
|
13,657 |
|
Depreciation and amortization
|
|
|
65,076 |
|
|
|
63,482 |
|
|
|
62,005 |
|
|
|
60,163 |
|
|
|
56,822 |
|
Impairment of long-lived assets and investments
|
|
|
4,500 |
|
|
|
1,500 |
|
|
|
110 |
|
|
|
2,345 |
|
|
|
- |
|
Gain on sale of long-lived assets
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
430 |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
Other operating gains (losses)
|
|
|
(6,230 |
) |
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
Operating income
|
|
|
60,186 |
|
|
|
31,383 |
|
|
|
132,393 |
|
|
|
120,860 |
|
|
|
115,146 |
|
Gain on sale of available-for-sale securities
|
|
|
4,196 |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
46,276 |
|
|
|
- |
|
Net financial expenses
|
|
|
66,961 |
|
|
|
1,692 |
|
|
|
132,761 |
|
|
|
65,592 |
|
|
|
52,156 |
|
(Loss) / income before equity in net earnings of investees, income taxes and noncontrolling interests
|
|
|
(2,579 |
) |
|
|
29,691 |
|
|
|
(368 |
) |
|
|
101,544 |
|
|
|
62,990 |
|
Income taxes and noncontrolling interests
|
|
|
4,398 |
|
|
|
(10,062 |
) |
|
|
(7,215 |
) |
|
|
(6,248 |
) |
|
|
(8,306 |
) |
Equity in net (losses) earnings of investees
|
|
|
(1,435 |
) |
|
|
(4,902 |
) |
|
|
(2,406 |
) |
|
|
13,640 |
|
|
|
16,989 |
|
Gain on sale of investee
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
8,355 |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
27,268 |
|
|
|
- |
|
Net income (loss)
|
|
|
384 |
|
|
|
23,082 |
|
|
|
(9,989 |
) |
|
|
136,204 |
|
|
|
71,673 |
|
Earnings (loss) per common share
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- basic (3)
|
|
|
0.01 |
|
|
|
0.34 |
|
|
|
(0.15 |
) |
|
|
2.09 |
|
|
|
1.09 |
|
- diluted (3)
|
|
|
0.01 |
|
|
|
0.34 |
|
|
|
(0.15 |
) |
|
|
2.07 |
|
|
|
1.05 |
|
Cash dividends declared and paid per common share (4)
|
|
|
0.45 |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
1.00 |
|
|
|
2.25 |
|
|
|
- |
|
Weighted average number of shares – basic (3)
|
|
|
67,173 |
|
|
|
67,230 |
|
|
|
67,214 |
|
|
|
65,283 |
|
|
|
65,562 |
|
Weighted average number of shares - diluted (3)
|
|
|
67,393 |
|
|
|
67,335 |
|
|
|
67,214 |
|
|
|
65,715 |
|
|
|
65,735 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance Sheet Data (as of end of year):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash and cash equivalents
|
|
|
164,717 |
|
|
|
122,231 |
|
|
|
56,114 |
|
|
|
185,739 |
|
|
|
56,616 |
|
Restricted cash and short-term investments (5)
|
|
|
21,815 |
|
|
|
40,651 |
|
|
|
60,352 |
|
|
|
52,106 |
|
|
|
52,287 |
|
Amounts due from related parties
|
|
|
222 |
|
|
|
795 |
|
|
|
538 |
|
|
|
712 |
|
|
|
778 |
|
Long-term restricted cash (5)
|
|
|
186,041 |
|
|
|
594,154 |
|
|
|
557,052 |
|
|
|
792,038 |
|
|
|
778,220 |
|
Equity in net assets of non-consolidated investees
|
|
|
20,276 |
|
|
|
21,243 |
|
|
|
30,924 |
|
|
|
14,023 |
|
|
|
97,255 |
|
Newbuildings
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
49,713 |
|
Vessels and equipment, net
|
|
|
1,103,137 |
|
|
|
653,496 |
|
|
|
668,141 |
|
|
|
659,018 |
|
|
|
669,639 |
|
Vessels under capital lease, net
|
|
|
515,666 |
|
|
|
992,563 |
|
|
|
893,172 |
|
|
|
789,558 |
|
|
|
796,186 |
|
Total assets
|
|
|
2,077,772 |
|
|
|
2,492,436 |
|
|
|
2,359,729 |
|
|
|
2,573,610 |
|
|
|
2,566,189 |
|
Current portion of long-term debt
|
|
|
105,629 |
|
|
|
74,504 |
|
|
|
71,395 |
|
|
|
80,037 |
|
|
|
72,587 |
|
Current portion of obligations under capital leases
|
|
|
5,766 |
|
|
|
8,588 |
|
|
|
6,006 |
|
|
|
5,678 |
|
|
|
5,269 |
|
Long-term debt
|
|
|
691,549 |
|
|
|
707,722 |
|
|
|
737,226 |
|
|
|
735,629 |
|
|
|
803,771 |
|
Long-term obligations under capital leases (6)
|
|
|
406,109 |
|
|
|
844,355 |
|
|
|
784,421 |
|
|
|
1,024,086 |
|
|
|
1,009,765 |
|
Noncontrolling interests (7)
|
|
|
188,734 |
|
|
|
162,673 |
|
|
|
41,688 |
|
|
|
36,983 |
|
|
|
32,436 |
|
Stockholders' equity
|
|
|
410,588 |
|
|
|
495,511 |
|
|
|
452,145 |
|
|
|
552,532 |
|
|
|
507,044 |
|
Common shares outstanding (3)
|
|
|
67,808 |
|
|
|
67,577 |
|
|
|
67,577 |
|
|
|
67,577 |
|
|
|
65,562 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2010
|
|
|
2009
|
|
|
2008
|
|
|
2007
|
|
|
2006
|
|
Cash Flow Data:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net cash provided by operating activities
|
|
|
51,710 |
|
|
|
43,763 |
|
|
|
48,495 |
|
|
|
73,055 |
|
|
|
117,219 |
|
Net cash provided (used in) by investing activities activities
|
|
|
364,736 |
|
|
|
(56,460 |
) |
|
|
(83,548 |
) |
|
|
224,435 |
|
|
|
(268,993 |
) |
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities
|
|
|
(373,960 |
) |
|
|
78,814 |
|
|
|
(94,572 |
) |
|
|
(168,367 |
) |
|
|
146,163 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fleet Data (unaudited)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number of vessels at end of year (8)
|
|
|
12 |
|
|
|
13 |
|
|
|
14 |
|
|
|
12 |
|
|
|
12 |
|
Average number of vessels during year (8)
|
|
|
12.7 |
|
|
|
13 |
|
|
|
13 |
|
|
|
12 |
|
|
|
11.52 |
|
Average age of vessels (years)
|
|
|
17.8 |
|
|
|
15.6 |
|
|
|
13.9 |
|
|
|
14.7 |
|
|
|
13.7 |
|
Total calendar days for fleet
|
|
|
4,644 |
|
|
|
4,892 |
|
|
|
4,836 |
|
|
|
4,380 |
|
|
|
4,214 |
|
Total operating days for fleet (9)
|
|
|
2,939 |
|
|
|
3,351 |
|
|
|
3,617 |
|
|
|
3,732 |
|
|
|
3,845 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Other Financial Data (Unaudited):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Average daily time charter equivalent earnings (10)
|
|
$ |
57,200 |
|
|
$ |
47,400 |
|
|
$ |
47,500 |
|
|
$ |
51,000 |
|
|
$ |
55,700 |
|
Average daily vessel operating costs (11)
|
|
$ |
12,080 |
|
|
$ |
13,410 |
|
|
$ |
13,041 |
|
|
$ |
12,097 |
|
|
$ |
10,558 |
|
Footnotes
(1)
|
Vessel operating expenses are the direct costs associated with running a vessel including crew wages, vessel supplies, routine repairs, maintenance, insurance, lubricating oils and management fees.
|
(2)
|
All of our vessels are operated under time charters. Under a time charter, the charterer pays substantially all of the voyage expenses, which are primarily fuel and port charges. However, we may incur voyage related expenses when positioning or repositioning vessels before or after the period of a time charter, during periods of commercial waiting time or while off-hire during a period of drydocking.
Charter-hire expense refers to the expenses related to vessels chartered-in under operating leases.
|
(3)
|
Basic earnings per share is calculated based on the income available to common shareholders and the weighted average number of our common shares outstanding. Treasury shares are not included in this calculation. The calculation of diluted earnings per share assumes the conversion of potentially dilutive instruments.
|
(4)
|
During 2010, our board of directors also declared and paid three special dividends (with an aggregate monetary value of $0.73 per share) to our common shareholders that each consisted of the distribution of one share of Golar LNG Energy Limited, or Golar Energy, for every seven shares of Golar LNG Limited.
|
(5)
|
Restricted cash and short-term investments consist of bank deposits, which may only be used to settle certain pre-arranged loans or lease payments and deposits made in accordance with our contractual obligations under our equity swap line facilities. Please see the section of this annual report entitled Item 5, "Operating and Financial Review and Prospects – Results of Operations" for a discussion of our equity swap line facilities.
|
(6)
|
During the years presented, we have entered into lease financing arrangements in respect of eight of our vessels. In respect of six of these leases we borrow under term loans and deposit the proceeds into restricted cash accounts. Concurrently, we enter into capital leases for the vessels, and the vessels are recorded as assets on our balance sheet. These restricted cash deposits, plus the interest earned on those deposits, will equal the approximate remaining amounts we owe under the capital lease arrangements. When interest rates increase and there is a surplus, in the restricted cash account, that surplus is released to working capital. Similarly, when interest rates decrease and there is a deficit, those deficits are funded out of working capital. In these instances, we consider payments under our capital leases to be funded through our restricted cash deposits, and our continuing obligation is the repayment of the related term loans. During 2010, the outstanding lease liability on five vessels was settled, when we repaid the respective lease financing obligations out of the related restricted cash deposits. Under U.S. GAAP, we record both the obligations under the capital leases and the term loans as liabilities, and both the restricted cash deposits and our vessels under capital leases as assets on our balance sheet. This accounting treatment has the effect of increasing both our assets and liabilities by the amount of restricted cash deposits relating to the corresponding capital lease obligations. As of December 31, 2010, our restricted cash balance with respect to our lease financing arrangements was $192.8 million.
|
(7)
|
Noncontrolling interest refers to a 40% ownership interest held by CPC Corporation, Taiwan (CPC) in the Golar Mazo and 39% held in Golar Energy.
|
(8)
|
In each of the periods presented above, we had a 60% ownership interest in one of our vessels and a 100% ownership interest in our remaining vessels except for in 2008 and 2009 when we had chartered-in two vessels under short term charters and in 2010 when we chartered-in one vessel.
|
(9)
|
The total operating days for our fleet is the total number of days in a given period that our vessels were in our possession less the total number of days off-hire. We define days off-hire as days lost to, among other things, operational deficiencies, drydocking for repairs, maintenance or inspection, equipment breakdowns, special surveys and vessel upgrades, delays due to accidents, crewing strikes, certain vessel detentions or similar problems, or our failure to maintain the vessel in compliance with its specifications and contractual standards or to provide the required crew, or periods of commercial waiting time during which we do not earn charter hire.
|
(10)
|
Represent the average time charter equivalent, or TCE of our fleet. TCE rate is a measure of the average daily revenue performance of a vessel. For time charters, this is calculated by dividing total operating revenues, less any voyage expenses, by the number of calendar days minus days for scheduled off-hire. Under a time charter, the charterer pays substantially all of the vessel voyage related expenses. However, we may incur voyage related expenses when positioning or repositioning vessels before or after the period of a time charter, during periods of commercial waiting time or while off-hire during drydocking. TCE rate is a standard shipping industry performance measure used primarily to compare period-to-period changes in a company's performance despite changes in the mix of charter types (i.e., spot charters, time charters and bareboat charters) under which the vessels may be employed between the periods. We included average daily TCE, a non-GAAP measure, as we believe it provides additional meaningful information in conjunction with total operating revenues, the most directly comparable GAAP measure, because it assists our management in making decisions regarding the deployment and use of our vessels and in evaluating their financial performance. Our calculation of TCE may not be comparable to that reported by other companies. The following table reconciles our total operating revenues to average daily TCE.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(in thousands of U.S.$, except number of days and
average daily TCE)
|
|
Total operating revenues
|
|
|
244,045 |
|
|
|
216,495 |
|
|
|
228,779 |
|
|
|
224,674 |
|
|
|
239,697 |
|
Voyage expenses
|
|
|
(20,959 |
) |
|
|
(20,093 |
) |
|
|
(24,483 |
) |
|
|
(10,763 |
) |
|
|
(9,582 |
) |
|
|
|
223,086 |
|
|
|
196,402 |
|
|
|
204,296 |
|
|
|
213,911 |
|
|
|
230,115 |
|
Calendar days less scheduled off-hire days
|
|
|
3,901 |
|
|
|
4,145 |
|
|
|
4,298 |
|
|
|
4,197 |
|
|
|
4,130 |
|
Average daily TCE (to the closest $100)
|
|
|
57,200 |
|
|
|
47,400 |
|
|
|
47,500 |
|
|
|
51,000 |
|
|
|
55,700 |
|
(11)
|
We calculate average daily vessel operating costs by dividing vessel operating costs by the number of calendar days.
|
B. Capitalization and Indebtedness
Not Applicable
C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds
Not Applicable
D. Risk Factors
Some of the following risks relate principally to our business or to the industry in which we operate. Other risks relate principally to the securities market and ownership of our common shares. Any of these risks, or any additional risks not presently known to us or risks that we currently deem immaterial, could significantly and adversely affect our business, our financial condition, our operating results and the trading price of our common shares.
Risks Related to our Company
We generate a substantial majority of our revenue from a limited number of customers under long-term agreements. The unanticipated termination or loss of one or more of these agreements or these customers would likely interrupt our related cash flow.
During the year ended December 31, 2010, we received the majority of our revenues from five customers: BG Group plc, or BG, accounted for 20%; Royal Dutch Shell Plc, or Shell, accounted for 10%; PT Pertamina (PERSERO), or Pertamina, accounted for 15%; Petrobras accounted for 37% and Dubai Supply Authority, or DUSUP, accounted for 12% of our total operating revenues.
We may be unable to retain our existing customers if:
|
1.
|
our customers are unable to make charter payments because of their financial inability, disagreements with us or otherwise;
|
|
2.
|
in certain circumstances, our customers exercise their right to terminate their charters early, in the event of:
|
|
a.
|
a loss of the vessel or damage to it beyond repair;
|
|
b.
|
a default of our obligations under the charter, including prolonged periods of off-hire;
|
|
c.
|
a war or hostilities that would significantly disrupt the free trade of the vessel;
|
|
d.
|
a requisition by any governmental authority;
|
|
e.
|
the charterers Petrobras and DUSUP with respect to the Golar Spirit, Golar Winter and Golar Freeze, upon six months' written notice at any time after the fifth anniversary of the commencement of the charter, exercising their option to terminate the charter upon payment of a termination fee;
|
|
f.
|
Petrobras, with respect to the Golar Spirit and Golar Winter, exercising its option to purchase each vessel after a specified period of time; or
|
|
3.
|
there is a prolonged force majeure event affecting the customer, including damage to or destruction of relevant production facilities, war or political unrest, any of which may prevent us from performing services for that customer.
|
If we lose any of our charters, we may be unable to re-deploy the related vessel on terms as favorable to us as our current charters. If we are unable to re-deploy a vessel for which a charter has been terminated, we will not receive any revenues from that vessel, but we may be required to pay expenses necessary to maintain the vessel in proper operating condition.
The loss of any of our customers, charters or vessels, or a decline in payments under any of our charters, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and ability to make cash distributions to our shareholders.
Our growth depends on our ability to expand relationships with existing customers and obtain new customers, for which we will face substantial competition.
One of our principal objectives is to enter into additional medium or long-term, fixed-rate LNG carrier or floating storage regasification units, or FSRU time charters. The process of obtaining new long-term time charters is highly competitive and generally involves an intensive screening process and competitive bids, and often extends for several months. LNG carrier or FSRU time charters contracts are awarded based upon a variety of factors relating to the vessel operator, including:
|
·
|
LNG shipping and FSRU experience and quality of ship operations;
|
|
·
|
shipping industry relationships and reputation for customer service and safety;
|
|
·
|
technical ability and reputation for operation of highly specialized vessels, including FSRUs;
|
|
·
|
quality and experience of seafaring crew;
|
|
·
|
the ability to finance FSRUs and LNG carriers at competitive rates, and financial stability generally;
|
|
·
|
relationships with shipyards and the ability to get suitable berths;
|
|
·
|
construction management experience, including the ability to obtain on-time delivery of new FSRUs and LNG carriers according to customer specifications;
|
|
·
|
willingness to accept operational risks pursuant to the charter, such as allowing termination of the charter for force majeure events; and
|
|
·
|
competitiveness of the bid in terms of overall price.
|
We expect substantial competition for providing floating storage and regasification services and marine transportation services for potential LNG projects from a number of experienced companies, including state-sponsored entities and major energy companies. Many of these competitors have significantly greater financial resources and larger and more versatile fleets than we do. We anticipate that an increasing number of marine transportation companies—including many with strong reputations and extensive resources and experience—will enter the FSRU market and LNG transportation market. This increased competition may cause greater price competition for time charters. As a result of these factors, we may be unable to expand our relationships with existing customers or obtain new customers on a profitable basis, if at all, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and ability to make cash distributions.
We may have more difficulty entering into long-term time charters in the future if an active short-term or spot LNG shipping market continues to develop.
One of our principal strategies is to enter into additional long-term FSRU and LNG carrier time charters of five years or more. Most shipping requirements for new LNG projects continue to be provided on a long-term basis, though the market segment consisting of spot voyages and short-term time charters of less than 12 months in duration has grown in the past few years.
If an active spot or short-term market continues to develop, we may have increased difficulty entering into long-term time charters upon expiration or early termination of our current charters, or for any vessels that we acquire in the future, and, as a result, our cash flow may be less stable. In addition, an active short-term or spot LNG market may require us to enter into charters based on changing market prices, as opposed to contracts based on a fixed rate, which could result in a decrease in our cash flow in periods when the market price for shipping LNG is depressed or insufficient funds are available to cover our financing costs for related vessels.
Our growth depends on continued growth in demand for LNG, FSRUs and LNG carriers.
Our growth strategy focuses on expansion in the floating storage and regasification sector and the LNG shipping sector. While global LNG demand has continued to rise, the rate of its growth has fluctuated due to several reasons, notably including the global economic crisis and the continued increase in natural gas production from unconventional sources in regions such as North America. Accordingly, our growth depends on continued growth in world and regional demand for LNG, FSRUs and LNG carriers, which could be negatively affected by a number of factors, including:
|
·
|
increases in the cost of natural gas derived from LNG relative to the cost of natural gas generally;
|
|
·
|
increases in the production levels of low-cost natural gas in domestic natural gas-consuming markets, which could further depress prices for natural gas in those markets and make LNG uneconomical;
|
|
·
|
decreases in the cost of, or increases in the demand for, conventional land-based regasification systems, which could occur if providers or users of regasification services seek greater economies of scale than FSRUs can provide, or if the economic, regulatory or political challenges associated with land-based activities improve;
|
|
·
|
further development of, or decreases in the cost of, alternative technologies for vessel-based LNG regasification;
|
|
·
|
increases in the production of natural gas in areas linked by pipelines to consuming areas, the extension of existing, or the development of new, pipeline systems in markets we may serve, or the conversion of existing non-natural gas pipelines to natural gas pipelines in those markets;
|
|
·
|
decreases in the consumption of natural gas due to increases in its price relative to other energy sources, or other factors making consumption of natural gas less attractive;
|
|
·
|
availability of new, alternative energy sources, including compressed natural gas; and
|
|
·
|
negative global or regional economic or political conditions, particularly in LNG-consuming regions, which could reduce energy consumption or its growth.
|
Reduced demand for LNG, FSRUs or LNG carriers would have a material adverse effect on our future growth and could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We operate some of our vessels on fixed-term charters and other vessels in the spot/short-term charter market for LNG vessels. Failure to find profitable employment for these vessels, or our other vessels following completion of their fixed-term agreements, could adversely affect our operations.
Currently, we have five vessels of which three are FSRUs contracted on medium or long-term charters, which expire between 2017 and 2024, and one vessel commencing its long-term charter in 2012 following its FSRU conversion. Our other LNG vessels are available for trade or trading in the spot/short-term charter market, the market for chartering an LNG carrier for a single voyage or short time period of up to one year. However, three of our vessels (one of which is our 50% equity interest in the vessel, the Gandria) are currently in lay-up and are unlikely to trade for the balance of 2011. Medium to long-term time charters generally provide reliable revenues but they also limit the portion of our fleet available to the spot/short-term market during an upswing in the LNG industry cycle, when spot/short-term market voyages might be more profitable.
The charter rates payable under time charters or in the spot market may be uncertain and volatile and will depend upon, among other things, economic conditions in the LNG market. The supply and demand balance for LNG carriers and FSRUs is also uncertain.
We also cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully employ our vessels in the future or re-deploy our LNG carriers and FSRUs following completion of their fixed-term agreements at rates sufficient to allow us to operate our business profitably or meet our obligations. If we are unable to re-deploy an LNG carrier or FSRU, such as the LNG carriers currently in lay-up, we will not receive any revenues from that vessel, but we may be required to pay expenses necessary to maintain that vessel in proper operating condition. A decline in charter or spot rates or a failure to successfully charter our vessels could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and our ability to meet our financing obligations.
We are subject to certain risks with respect to our counterparties on contracts, and failure of such counterparties to meet their obligations could cause us to suffer losses or otherwise adversely affect our business.
We enter into, among other things, charter-parties with our customers, conversion contracts with shipyards, credit facilities with banks, interest rate swaps, foreign currency swaps and equity swaps. Such agreements subject us to counterparty risks. The ability of each of our counterparties to perform its obligations under a contract with us will depend on a number of factors that are beyond our control and may include, among other things, general economic conditions, the condition of the LNG market and charter rates. In addition, in depressed market conditions, our charterers and customers may no longer need a vessel that is currently under charter or may be able to obtain a comparable vessel at a lower rate. As a result, charterers may seek to renegotiate the terms of their existing charter parties or avoid their obligations under these contracts. Should a counterparty fail to honor its obligations under agreements with us, we could sustain significant losses, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
A renewal of the global financial crisis could negatively impact our business.
Although there are signs that the economic recession has abated in many countries, there is still considerable instability in the world economy and, in the economies of countries such as Greece, Spain, Portugal and Italy that could initiate a new economic downturn and result in a tightening in the credit markets, a low level of liquidity in financial markets, and volatility in credit and equity markets. A renewal of the financial crisis that affected the banking system and the financial markets over the past two years may negatively impact our business and financial condition in ways that we cannot predict. In addition, the uncertainty about current and future global economic conditions caused by a renewed financial crisis may cause our customers and governments to defer projects in response to tighter credit, decreased cash availability and declining customer confidence, which may negatively impact the demand for our services. A tightening of the credit markets may further negatively impact our operations by affecting the solvency of our suppliers or customers, which could lead to disruptions in delivery of supplies such as equipment for conversions, cost increases for supplies, accelerated payments to suppliers, customer bad debts or reduced revenues.
Due to the lack of diversification in our lines of business, adverse developments in the LNG industry would negatively impact our results of operations, financial condition and ability to pay dividends.
Currently, we rely primarily on the revenues generated from our FSRUs and LNG carriers. Due to the lack of diversification in our lines of business, an adverse development in our LNG business, in the LNG industry or in the offshore energy infrastructure industry, generally, would have a significant impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and ability to pay dividends to our shareholders.
We may incur losses if we are unable to expand profitably into other areas of the LNG industry.
A principal component of our strategy is to expand profitably into other areas of the LNG industry such as regasification and floating power and liquefaction projects that are beyond the traditional transportation of LNG. Other than the recent FSRU conversions of the Golar Spirit, Golar Winter and the Golar Freeze and the creation of our LNG trading business, we have not been involved in other LNG industry businesses. Our expansion into these areas may not be profitable and we may incur losses including losses in respect of expenses incurred in relation to project development. Our ability to integrate vertically into upstream and downstream LNG activities depends materially on our ability to identify attractive partners and projects and obtain project financing at a reasonable cost.
If there are substantial delays or cost overruns in completion of the modification of our vessels to FSRUs, or if they do not meet certain performance requirements, our earnings and financial condition could suffer.
In October 2010, we were selected as the successful bidder for the West Java FSRU project and have commenced discussions with Pertamina for the conversion of the Khannur into an FSRU. The FSRU time charter party was signed between the Company and Nusantara Regas (a joint venture between Pertamina and Progress Energy, Inc., or PGN) in April 2011. The project represents the Company's fourth FSRU project and is for a period of approximately 11 years. The project involves the conversion of an LNG carrier, the Khannur, into an FSRU and the provision of associated mooring infrastructure.
Due to the highly technical process, retrofitting an existing LNG carrier for FSRU service may only be performed by a limited number of contractors; thus, a change of contractors may result in higher costs or a significant delay to our existing delivery schedule. Furthermore, the completion of the retrofitting of LNG carriers is subject to the risk of cost overrun.
An increase in costs could materially and adversely affect our financial performance.
Our vessel operating expenses and drydock capital expenditures depend on a variety of factors, including crew costs, provisions, deck and engine stores and spares, lubricating oil, insurance, maintenance and repairs and shipyard costs, many of which are beyond our control and affect the entire shipping industry. Also, while we do not bear the cost of fuel (bunkers) under our time charters, fuel is a significant, if not the largest, expense in our operations when our vessels are idle during periods of commercial waiting time or when positioning or repositioning before or after a time charter. The price and supply of fuel is unpredictable and fluctuates based on events outside our control, including geopolitical developments, supply and demand for oil and gas, actions by OPEC and other oil and gas producers, war and unrest in oil-producing countries and regions, regional production patterns and environmental concerns. These events may increase vessel operating and drydocking costs further. If costs continue to rise, they could materially and adversely affect our results of operations.
We may be unable to attract and retain key management personnel in the LNG industry, which may negatively impact the effectiveness of our management and our results of operation.
Our success depends, to a significant extent, upon the abilities and the efforts of our senior executives. While we believe that we have an experienced management team, the loss or unavailability of one or more of our senior executives for any extended period of time could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
A shortage of qualified officers and crew could have an adverse effect on our business and financial condition.
LNG carriers and FSRUs require a technically skilled officer staff with specialized training. As the world LNG carrier fleet and FSRU fleet continue to grow, the demand for technically skilled officers and crew has been increasing, which has led to a shortfall of such personnel. Increases in our historical vessel operating expenses have been attributable primarily to the rising costs of recruiting and retaining officers for our fleet. In addition, our FSRUs will require an additional engineer, deck officer and cargo officer. Furthermore, each key officer crewing an FSRU must receive specialized training related to the operation and maintenance of the regasification equipment. If we or our third-party ship managers are unable to employ technically skilled staff and crew, we will not be able to adequately staff our vessels. A material decrease in the supply of technically skilled officers or an inability of our third-party managers to attract and retain such qualified officers could impair our ability to operate, or increase the cost of crewing our vessels, which would materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and significantly reduce our ability to make distributions to shareholders.
In addition, the Golar Spirit and Golar Winter are employed by Petrobras in Brazil. As a result, we are required to hire a certain portion of Brazilian personnel to crew these vessels in accordance with Brazilian law. Any inability to attract and retain qualified Brazilian crew members could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We currently operate primarily outside the United States, which could expose us to political, governmental and economic instability that could harm our operations.
Because most of our operations are currently conducted outside of the United States, they may be affected by economic, political and governmental conditions in the countries where we are engaged in business or where our vessels are registered. Any disruption caused by these factors could harm our business. In particular, we derive a substantial portion of our revenues from shipping LNG from politically unstable regions. Past political conflicts in these regions, particularly in the Arabian Gulf, Brazil and Indonesia, have included attacks on ships, mining of waterways and other efforts to disrupt shipping in the area. In addition to acts of terrorism, vessels trading in these and other regions have also been subject, in limited instances, to piracy. Future hostilities or other political instability in the Arabian Gulf, Brazil and Indonesia where we operate or may operate could have a material adverse effect on the growth of our business, results of operations and financial condition and our ability to make cash distributions. In addition, tariffs, trade embargoes and other economic sanctions by Brazil, the United States or other countries against countries in the Middle East, Southeast Asia or elsewhere as a result of terrorist attacks, hostilities or otherwise may limit trading activities with those countries, which could also harm our business and ability to make cash distributions.
An economic slowdown in the Asia Pacific region could exacerbate the effect of recent slowdowns in the economies of the United States and the European Union and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Negative changes in economic conditions in any Asia Pacific country, particularly in China, may exacerbate the effect of the significant recent slowdowns in the economies of the United States and the European Union and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Before the global economic financial crisis that began in 2008, China had one of the world's fastest growing economies in terms of gross domestic product, or GDP, which had a significant impact on shipping demand. While the growth rate of China's GDP increased to approximately 10.3% for the year ended December 31, 2010, as compared to approximately 9.1% increase for the year ended December 31, 2009, the Chinese GDP growth rate remains below pre-2008 levels. China has recently imposed measures to restrain lending, which may further contribute to a slowdown in its economic growth. It is possible that China and other countries in the Asia Pacific region will continue to experience slowed or even negative economic growth in the near future. Moreover, the current economic slowdown in the economies of the United States, the European Union and other Asian countries may further adversely affect economic growth in China and elsewhere. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and ability to pay dividends will likely be materially and adversely affected by an economic downturn in any of these countries.
Our loan and lease agreements are secured by our vessels and contain operating and financial restrictions and other covenants that may restrict our business, financing activities and ability to make cash distributions to our shareholders.
Covenants in our loan and lease agreements require the consent of our lenders and our lessors or otherwise limit our ability to:
|
·
|
merge into, or consolidate with, any other entity or sell, or otherwise dispose of, all or substantially all of their assets;
|
|
·
|
make or pay equity distributions;
|
|
·
|
incur additional indebtedness;
|
|
·
|
incur or make any capital expenditures;
|
|
·
|
materially amend, or terminate, any of our current charter contracts or management agreements; or
|
If the ownership interest in us controlled by World Shipholding Ltd, or World Shipholding, a Liberian company indirectly controlled by Trusts established by John Fredriksen for the benefit of his immediate family, decreased below 25% of our share capital, a default of some of our loan agreements and lease agreements to which we are a party would occur. Similarly, if we were to be in any other form of default that we could not remedy, such as payment default, our lessors, having legal title to our leased vessels, or our lenders, who have mortgages over some of our vessels, could be entitled to sell our vessels in order to repay our debt and/or lease liabilities.
Covenants in our loan and lease agreements may effectively prevent us from paying dividends should our board of directors wish to do so and may require us to obtain permission from our lenders and lessors to engage in some other corporate actions. Our lenders' and lessors' interests may be different from those of our shareholders and we cannot guarantee investors that we will be able to obtain our lenders' and lessors' permission when needed. This may adversely affect our earnings and prevent us from taking actions that could be in our shareholders' best interests. As of March 31, 2011, we were in compliance with all of the covenants contained in our loan and lease agreements.
If we do not maintain the financial ratios contained in our loan and lease agreements or we are in any other form of default such as payment default, we could face acceleration of the due date of our debt and the loss of our vessels.
Our loan and lease agreements require us to maintain specific financial levels and ratios, including minimum amounts of available cash, ratios of current assets to current liabilities (excluding current long-term debt), ratios of net debt to earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization and the level of stockholders' equity, minimum loan to value clauses and debt service coverage ratios. Although we currently comply with these requirements, if we were to fall below these levels, we would be in default of our loans and lease agreements and the due date of our debt could be accelerated and our lease agreements terminated, which could result in the loss of our vessels. Our ability to comply with covenants and restrictions contained in our loan and lease agreements may be affected by events beyond our control, including prevailing economic, financial and industry conditions. If market or other economic conditions deteriorate, our ability to comply with these covenants may be impaired. If restrictions, covenants, ratios or tests in our debt instruments are breached, a significant portion of the obligations may become immediately due and payable. In the event that we enter into waiver agreements with our lenders for covenant breaches, such waiver agreements may result in a significant increase in our debt cost. We may not have, or be able to obtain, sufficient funds to make these accelerated payments and, if we are unable to repay debt under the credit facilities, the lenders could seek to foreclose on those assets. In addition, obligations under our financing arrangements are secured by certain of our vessels and guaranteed by our subsidiaries holding the interests in our vessels.
We may not have sufficient cash from operations to enable us to pay quarterly dividends following the establishment of cash reserves and payment of fees and expenses.
We may not have sufficient cash available each quarter to pay quarterly dividends. The amount of cash we can distribute depends upon the amount of cash that we generate from our operations, which may fluctuate based on, among other things:
|
·
|
the rates we obtain from our charters;
|
|
·
|
the level of our operating costs, such as the cost of crews and insurance;
|
|
·
|
the continued availability of LNG, liquefaction and regasification facilities;
|
|
·
|
the number of unscheduled off-hire days for our fleet and the timing of, and number of days required for, scheduled drydocking of our vessels;
|
|
·
|
prevailing global and regional economic and political conditions;
|
|
·
|
currency exchange rate fluctuations; and
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the effect of governmental regulations and maritime self-regulatory organization standards on the conduct of our business.
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The actual amount of cash that we will have available for dividend distribution also will depend on factors such as:
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the level of capital expenditures that we make, including for maintaining vessels, building new vessels, acquiring existing vessels and complying with regulations;
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our debt service requirements and restrictions on distributions contained in our debt instruments;
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fluctuations in our working capital needs;
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our ability to make working capital borrowings, including to pay distributions to shareholders;
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the amount of any cash reserves, including reserves for future capital expenditures and other matters, established; and
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our ability to raise debt finance in respect of expenditure relating to the conversion of the Khannur and our newbuildings.
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The aging of our fleet may result in increased operating costs in the future, which could adversely affect our earnings.
In general, the costs to maintain a vessel in good operating condition increase as the vessel ages. Due to improvements in engine technology, older vessels are typically less fuel-efficient than more recently constructed vessels. Cargo insurance rates increase with the age of a vessel, making older vessels less desirable to charterers.
Governmental regulations and safety, environmental or other equipment standards related to the age of tankers and other types of vessels may require expenditures for alterations or the addition of new equipment to our vessels to comply with safety or environmental laws or regulations that may be enacted in the future. These laws or regulations may also restrict the type of activities in which our vessels may engage or prohibit their operation in certain geographic regions. We cannot predict what alterations or modifications our vessels may be required to undergo as a result of requirements that may be promulgated in the future, or that, as our vessels age, market conditions will justify any required expenditures or enable us to operate our vessels profitably during the remainder of their useful lives.
Delays or defaults by the shipyards in the construction of our newbuildings could increase our expenses and
diminish our net income and cash flows.
We currently have newbuilding contracts for the construction of six LNG carriers with the Korean shipyard Samsung Heavy Industries Co. Ltd., or Samsung. In addition we have an option to acquire an additional two LNG carriers. These projects are subject to the risk of delay or defaults by the shipyards caused by, among other things, unforeseen quality or engineering problems, work stoppages, weather interference, unanticipated cost increases, delays in receipt of necessary equipment, and inability to obtain the requisite permits or approvals. In accordance with industry practice, in the event the shipyards are unable or unwilling to deliver the vessels, we may not have substantial remedies. Failure to construct or deliver the ships by the shipyards or any significant delays could increase our expenses and diminish our net income and cash flows.
We may not be able to obtain financing to fund our growth or our future capital expenditures, which could negatively impact our results of operations, financial condition and ability to pay dividends.
In order to fund future FSRUs, liquefaction projects, newbuilding programs, vessel acquisitions, increased working capital levels or other capital expenditures, we may be required to use cash from operations, incur borrowings or raise capital through the sale of debt or additional equity securities. Use of cash from operations may reduce the amount of cash available for dividend distributions. Our ability to obtain bank financing or to access the capital markets for any future debt or equity offerings may be limited by our financial condition at the time of such financing or offering, as well as by adverse market conditions resulting from, among other things, general economic conditions and contingencies and uncertainties that are beyond our control. Our failure to obtain funds for future capital expenditures could impact our results of operations, financial condition and our ability to pay dividends. The issuance of additional equity securities would dilute your interest in us and reduce dividends payable to you. Even if we are successful in obtaining bank financing, paying debt service would limit cash available for working capital and increasing our indebtedness could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition and ability to pay dividends.
Three of our vessels are currently financed by U.K. tax leases and an additional five of our vessels were financed by U.K. tax leases until such leases were terminated in 2010. In the event of any adverse tax changes or a successful challenge by the U.K. Revenue authorities with regard to the initial tax basis of the transactions, or in relation to the terminations we have entered into in 2010 or in the event of an early termination of our remaining leases, we may be required to make additional payments to the U.K. vessel lessors or the UK revenue authorities which could adversely affect our earnings and financial position.
Three of our vessels are currently financed by U.K. tax leases and an additional five of our vessels were financed by U.K. tax leases until such leases were terminated in 2010. In the event of any adverse tax changes or a successful challenge by the U.K. Revenue authorities with regard to the initial tax basis of the transactions, or in relation to the lease terminations we entered into in 2010 or in the event of an early termination of our remaining leases, we may be required to make additional payments to the U.K. vessel lessors or the UK revenue authorities which could adversely affect our earnings and financial position. We would be required to return all or a portion of, or in certain circumstances significantly more than, the upfront cash benefits that we have received or accrued over time, together with fees that were incurred in connection with our lease financing transactions including our recent termination transactions or post additional security or make additional payments to the U.K. vessel lessors. Any additional payments could adversely affect our earnings and financial position.
Servicing our debt and lease agreements substantially limits our funds available for other purposes.
A large portion of our cash flow from operations is used to repay the principal and interest on our debt and lease agreements. As of December 31, 2010, our net indebtedness (including loan debt, capital lease obligations, net of restricted cash and short-term deposits and net of cash and cash equivalents) was $836.5 million and our ratio of net indebtedness to total capital (comprising net indebtedness plus shareholders' equity and noncontrolling interests) was 0.58.
We may incur additional indebtedness to fund our newbuilding vessels and possible expansion into other areas of the LNG industry, such as in respect of our FSRU projects. Debt payments reduce our funds available for expansion into other parts of the LNG industry, working capital, capital expenditures and other purposes. In addition, our business is capital intensive and requires significant capital outlays that result in high fixed costs. We cannot assure investors that our existing and future contracts will provide revenues adequate to cover all of our fixed and variable costs.
An increase in interest rates could materially and adversely affect our financial performance.
As of December 31, 2010, we had total long-term debt and net capital lease obligations (net of restricted cash) outstanding of $1,016.2 million of which $412.2 million is exposed to a floating rate of interest. We use interest rate swaps to manage interest rate risk. As of December 31, 2010, our interest rate swap arrangements effectively fix the interest rate exposure on $620.3 million of floating rate bank debt and capital lease obligation. In addition, we had $10 million of fixed rate debt which has recently retired. If interest rates rise significantly, our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Increases and decreases in interest rates will affect the cost of floating rate debt but may also affect the mark-to-market valuation of interest rate swaps, which will also affect our results. Additionally, to the extent that our lease obligations are secured by restricted cash deposits, our exposure to interest rate movements is hedged to a large extent. However, movements in interest rates may require us to place more cash into our restricted deposits and this could also materially and adversely affect our results of operations.
The interest rate swaps that have been entered into by the Company and its subsidiaries are derivative financial instruments that effectively translate floating rate debt into fixed rate debt. U.S. GAAP requires that these derivatives be valued at current market prices in our financial statements, with increases or decreases in valuations reflected in results of operations or, if the instrument is designated as a hedge, in other comprehensive income. Changes in interest rates give rise to changes in the valuations of interest rate swaps and could adversely affect results of operations and other comprehensive income.
Exposure to currency exchange rate fluctuations will result in fluctuations in our cash flows and operating results.
Currency exchange rate fluctuations and currency devaluations could have an adverse effect on our results of operations from quarter to quarter. Historically, our revenue has been generated in U.S. Dollars, but we incur capital, operating and administrative expenses in multiple currencies.
We are exposed to foreign currency exchange fluctuations as a result of expenses paid by certain subsidiaries in currencies other than U.S. Dollars, such as Britsh pounds, or GBP, in relation to our administrative office in the U.K., operating expenses incurred in a variety of foreign currencies, including Euros and Singapore Dollars, among others; and multiple currencies, including Euros, Singapore Dollars and Norwegian Krone in respect of our FSRU conversion contracts. If the U.S. Dollar weakens significantly, this could increase our expenses and, therefore, could have a negative effect on our financial results.
Under the charter agreements for the Golar Spirit and the Golar Winter, we will generate a portion of our revenues in Brazilian Reais. Income under these charters is split into two components. The component that relates to operating expenses (the minority) is paid in Brazilian Reais, whereas the capital component is paid in U.S. Dollars. We will incur some operating expenses in Brazilian Reais but we will also have to convert Brazilian Reais into other currencies, including U.S. Dollars, in order to pay the remaining operating expenses incurred in other currencies. If the Brazilian Real weakens significantly, we may not have sufficient Brazilian Reais to convert to other currencies in order to satisfy our obligations in respect of the operating expenses related to these charters, which would have a negative effect on our financial results and cash available for distribution.
We have entered into currency forward contracts or similar derivatives to mitigate our exposure to these foreign exchange rate fluctuations in respect of our capital commitments relating to our FSRU conversion contracts.
Two of our vessels are currently financed by U.K. tax leases, which are denominated in GBPs. The majority of our GBP capital lease obligations is hedged by GBP cash deposits securing the lease obligations, or by currency swap. However, these are not perfect hedges and a significant strengthening of the U.S. Dollar could give rise to an increase in our financial expenses and could materially affect our financial results (See Item 11- Foreign currency risk).
Our joint venture agreement with CPC Corporation, Taiwan (CPC) with respect to the Golar Mazo contains provisions that may limit our ability to sell or transfer our interest in the Golar Mazo, which could have a material adverse effect on our cash flows and affect our ability to make distributions to our shareholders.
We have a 60% interest in the joint venture that owns the Golar Mazo, which enables us to control the joint venture, subject to certain negative controls held by CPC, who owns the remaining 40% interest in the Golar Mazo. Under the joint venture agreement, no party may sell, assign, mortgage, or otherwise transfer its rights, interests or obligations under that agreement without the prior written consent of the other party. If we determine that the sale or transfer of our interest in the Golar Mazo is in our best interest, we must provide CPC notice of our intent to sell or transfer our interest and grant CPC a right of first refusal to purchase our interest. If CPC does not accept the offer within 60 days after we notify CPC, we will be free to sell or transfer our interest to a third-party. Any delay in the sale or transfer of our interest in the Golar Mazo or restrictions in our ability to manage the joint venture could have a material adverse effect on our cash flows and affect our ability to make distributions to our shareholders
We may have to pay tax on United States source income, which would reduce our earnings.
Under the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, or the Code, 50% of the gross shipping income of a vessel owning or chartering corporation, such as ourselves and our subsidiaries, that is attributable to transportation that begins or ends, but that does not both begin and end, in the United States, may be subject to a 4% U.S. federal income tax without allowance for deduction, unless that corporation qualifies for exemption from tax under Section 883 of the Code and the applicable Treasury Regulations recently promulgated thereunder.
We expect that we and each of our subsidiaries will qualify for this statutory tax exemption and we will take this position for U.S. federal income tax return reporting purposes. However, there are factual circumstances beyond our control that could cause us to lose the benefit of this tax exemption and thereby become subject to U.S. federal income tax on our U.S. source income. Therefore, we can give no assurances on our tax-exempt status or that of any of our subsidiaries.
If, we or our subsidiaries, are not entitled to exemption under Section 883 of the Code for any taxable year, we, or our subsidiaries, could be subject for those years to an effective 4% U.S. federal income tax on the gross shipping income these companies derive during the year that are attributable to the transport or cargoes to or from the United States. The imposition of this tax would have a negative effect on our business and would result in decreased earnings available for distribution to our shareholders.
United States tax authorities could treat us as a "passive foreign investment company", which could have adverse United States federal income tax consequences to U.S. shareholders.
A foreign corporation will be treated as a "passive foreign investment company," or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes if either (1) at least 75% of its gross income for any taxable year consists of certain types of "passive income" or (2) at least 50% of the average value of the corporation's assets produce or are held for the production of those types of "passive income." For purposes of these tests, "passive income" includes dividends, interest, and gains from the sale or exchange of investment property and rents and royalties other than rents and royalties which are received from unrelated parties in connection with the active conduct of a trade or business. For purposes of these tests, income derived from the performance of services does not constitute "passive income." U.S. shareholders of a PFIC are subject to a disadvantageous U.S. federal income tax regime with respect to the income derived by the PFIC, the distributions they receive from the PFIC and the gain, if any, they derive from the sale or other disposition of their shares in the PFIC.
Based on our current and expected future method of operation, we do not believe that we will be a PFIC with respect to any taxable year. In this regard, we intend to treat the gross income we derive or are deemed to derive from our time chartering activities as services income, rather than rental income. Accordingly, we believe that our income from our time chartering activities does not constitute "passive income," and the assets that we own and operate in connection with the production of that income do not constitute passive assets.
There is, however, no direct legal authority under the PFIC rules addressing our method of operation. We believe there is substantial legal authority supporting our position consisting of case law and United States Internal Revenue Service, or IRS, pronouncements concerning the characterization of income derived from time charters and voyage charters as services income for other tax purposes. However, we note that there is also authority which characterizes time charter income as rental income rather than services income for other tax purposes. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that the IRS or a court of law will accept our position, and there is a risk that the IRS or a court of law could determine that we are a PFIC. Moreover, no assurance can be given that we would not constitute a PFIC for any future taxable year if there were to be changes in the nature and extent of our operations.
If the IRS were to find that we are or have been a PFIC for any taxable year, our U.S. shareholders will face adverse U.S. tax consequences and certain information reporting requirements. Under the PFIC rules, unless those shareholders make an election available under the Code (which election could itself have adverse consequences for such shareholders), such shareholders would be liable to pay U.S. federal income tax at the then prevailing income tax rates on ordinary income plus interest upon excess distributions and upon any gain from the disposition of our common stock, as if the excess distribution or gain had been recognized ratably over the shareholder's holding period of our common stock. Please see the section of this annual report entitled "Taxation" under Item 10E for a more comprehensive discussion of the U.S. federal income tax consequences if we were to be treated as a PFIC.
Our Liberian subsidiaries may not be exempt from Liberian taxation, which would materially reduce our Liberian subsidiaries', and consequently our, net income and cash flow by the amount of the applicable tax.
The Republic of Liberia enacted an income tax act generally effective as of January 1, 2001, or the New Act, which repealed, in its entirety, the prior income tax law in effect since 1977, pursuant to which our Liberian subsidiaries, as non-resident domestic corporations, were wholly exempt from Liberian tax.
In 2004, the Liberian Ministry of Finance issued regulations, or the New Regulations, pursuant to which a non-resident domestic corporation engaged in international shipping, such as our Liberian subsidiaries, will not be subject to tax under the New Act retroactive to January 1, 2001. In addition, the Liberian Ministry of Justice issued an opinion that the New Regulations were a valid exercise of the regulatory authority of the Ministry of Finance. Therefore, assuming that the New Regulations are valid, our Liberian subsidiaries will be wholly exempt from tax as under prior law.
In 2009, the Liberian Congress enacted the Economic Stimulus Taxation Act of 2009, which reinstates the treatment on non-resident Liberian corporations, such as our Liberian subsidiaries, under Prior Laws retroactive to January 1, 2001. This legislation will become effective when it is finally published by the Liberian government.
If our Liberian subsidiaries were subject to Liberian income tax under the New Act, our Liberian subsidiaries would be subject to tax at a rate of 35% on their worldwide income. As a result, their, and subsequently our, net income and cash flow would be materially reduced by the amount of the applicable tax. In addition, we, as a shareholder of the Liberian subsidiaries, would be subject to Liberian withholding tax on dividends paid by the Liberian subsidiaries at rates ranging from 15% to 20%.
We are a holding company, and our ability to pay dividends will be limited by the value of investments we currently hold and by the distribution of funds from our subsidiaries.
We are a holding company whose assets mainly comprise of equity interests in our subsidiaries and other quoted and non-quoted companies. As a result, should we decide to pay dividends, we would be dependent on the performance of our operating subsidiaries and other investments. If we were not able to receive sufficient funds from our subsidiaries and other investments, including from the sale of our investment interests, we would not be able to pay dividends unless we obtain funds from other sources. We may not be able to obtain the necessary funds from other sources on terms acceptable to us.
Risks Related to Our LNG-trading Business
During 2010, we established Golar Commodities Limited, or Golar Commodities, a wholly owned Bermuda subsidiary, to trade physical cargos of LNG and to provide financial risk management to LNG customers around the world.
We are exposed to market risks, any of which could adversely affect our business.
We are exposed to market and credit risks in all of our operations. To minimize the risk of commodity price fluctuations, we periodically enter into derivative transactions to hedge anticipated purchases and sales of LNG. However, financial derivative instrument contracts may not completely eliminate all risks. Specifically, such risks include commodity price changes, market supply shortages, operational risks and counterparty default.
Customers and counterparties may not pay or perform in accordance with our agreements, which could materially and adversely impact our results of operations.
We are subject to the risk of loss resulting from non-payment and/or non-performance by customers and counterparties. Customers may experience deterioration of their financial condition as a result of changing market conditions or financial difficulties, which could impact their creditworthiness or ability to pay for our services. If we fail to assess adequately the creditworthiness of existing or future customers, unanticipated deterioration in customers' creditworthiness, and any resulting non-payment and/or non-performance, could adversely impact results of operations. In addition, if any of our customers or counterparties filed for bankruptcy protection, we may not be able to recover amounts owed, which could materially and adversely impact the results of operations.
Limitations on liquidity in the LNG market could affect our earnings.
The LNG market can experience periods of limited liquidity, which can create difficulties in managing our physical and economic risks. The lack of liquidity can present us with adverse conditions in which to buy cover short positions or to sell to cover long positions. We may not always be able to manage liquidity-related risks, which could affect our earnings.
Limitations on our flexibility to trade in the spot market could adversely affect our business.
There is an element of structured rigidity to operations in the LNG supply chain that can limit our flexibility to trade in the spot market for LNG cargos. Significant mismatches between cargo sizes and vessel and storage tank capacity can limit the ability to trade vessels chartered by us or to buy or sell cargoes to and from certain locations. We may also not be able to charter vessels when required and therefore may not be able to fulfil our obligations to deliver cargos which could adversely affect our business.
There are operational risks associated with loading and off-loading, storing and transporting cargoes, which could expose us to liability and affect our economic results.
We assume numerous operational risks associated with loading and off-loading, storing and transporting cargoes which can cause delays to our operations. In addition difficulties due to port constraints, weather conditions and vessel compatibility and performance can all affect our results of operations and expose us to some adverse economic consequences.
Restrictions on LNG imports could have a materially adverse effect on us.
LNG is produced from various production facilities with varying qualities. Markets for LNG have varying quality specification limits, which can restrict the ability to import LNG into these markets. These restrictions can reduce the flexibility to buy and/or sell cargoes across various markets, which could have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations.
Employees may violate our risk management policies, which could have an adverse effect on our earnings, financial position or cash flows.
Our established risk management policies and procedures may not be effective and employees may violate our risk management policies. If employees fail to adhere to our policies and procedures, or if our policies and procedures are not effective, potentially because of future conditions or risks outside of our control, we may be exposed to greater risk than we had intended. Ineffective risk management policies and procedures, or violation of risk management policies and procedures, could have an adverse effect on our earnings, financial position or cash flows.
We may be unable to attract and retain key management and trading personnel, which may impact the effectiveness of trading performance and our financial results.
Our success depends, to a significant extent, upon the abilities and the efforts of our traders. While we believe that we have an experienced trading team, the loss or unavailability of one or more of our traders for any extended period of time could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
Risks Related to Our Industry
The operation of LNG carriers and FSRUs is inherently risky, and an incident resulting in significant loss or environmental consequences involving any of our vessels could harm our reputation and business.
The operation of an ocean-going vessel carries inherent risks. These risks include the possibility of:
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Environmental accidents; and
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Business interruptions caused by mechanical failure, human error, war, terrorism, political action in various countries, labor strikes, or adverse weather conditions.
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Any of these circumstances or events could increase our costs or lower our revenues. The involvement of our vessels in an oil spill or other environmental disaster may harm our reputation as a safe and reliable LNG carrier operator.
If our vessels suffer damage, they may need to be repaired. The costs of vessel repairs are unpredictable and can be substantial. We may have to pay repair costs that our insurance policies do not cover. The loss of earnings while these vessels are being repaired, as well as the actual cost of these repairs, would decrease our results of operations. If one of our vessels were involved in an accident with the potential risk of environmental contamination, the resulting media coverage could have a material adverse effect on our business, our results of operations and cash flows, weaken our financial condition and negatively affect our ability to pay dividends.
Growth of the LNG market may be limited by many factors, including infrastructure constraints and community and political group resistance to new LNG infrastructure over environmental, safety and terrorism-related concerns.
A complete LNG project includes production, liquefaction, regasification, storage and distribution facilities and LNG carriers. Existing LNG projects and infrastructure are limited, and new or expanded LNG projects are highly complex and capital intensive, with new projects often costing several billion dollars. Many factors could negatively affect continued development of LNG infrastructure and related alternatives, including floating storage and regasification, or disrupt the supply of LNG, including:
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increases in interest rates or other events that may affect the availability of sufficient financing for LNG projects on commercially reasonable terms;
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decreases in the price of LNG, which might decrease the expected returns relating to investments in LNG projects;
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the inability of project owners or operators to obtain governmental approvals to construct or operate LNG facilities;
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local community resistance to proposed or existing LNG facilities based on safety, environmental or terrorism-related concerns;
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any significant explosion, spill or similar incident involving an LNG facility, FSRU or LNG carrier; and
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labor or political unrest affecting existing or proposed areas of LNG production and regasification.
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We expect that, as a result of the factors discussed above, some of the proposals to expand existing, or develop new, LNG liquefaction and regasification facilities may be abandoned or significantly delayed. If the LNG supply chain is disrupted or does not continue to grow, or if a significant LNG explosion, spill or similar incident occurs, such an event could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and ability to make cash distributions.
Terrorist attacks, piracy, increased hostilities or war could lead to further economic instability, increased costs and disruption of our business.
Terrorist attacks such as the attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001, the bombings in Spain on March 11, 2004, in London on July 7, 2005, and the attacks in Mumbai on November 26, 2008, and the continuing response of the United States and others to these attacks, as well as the threat of future terrorist attacks in the United States or elsewhere, continue to cause uncertainty in the world's financial markets and may affect our business, operating results, financial condition, ability to raise capital and future growth. Continuing conflicts in North Africa and the Middle East and the presence of the United States and other armed forces in Iraq and Afghanistan may lead to additional acts of terrorism and armed conflict around the world, which may contribute to further economic instability in the global financial markets and disrupt our business. For example, in December 2005, we signed a joint venture agreement with The Egyptian Natural Gas Holding Company, or EGAS, and HK Petroleum Services in respect of the setting up of a jointly owned company named Egyptian Company for Gas Services S.A.E., or ECGS, for the development of hydrocarbon business and in particular LNG related business. The recent turmoil in Egypt may affect the economic success of this joint venture. These uncertainties could also adversely affect our ability to obtain additional financing on terms acceptable to us or at all. In the past, political conflicts have also resulted in attacks on vessels, mining of waterways and other efforts to disrupt international shipping, particularly in the Arabian Gulf region. Acts of terrorism and piracy have also affected vessels trading in regions such as the South China Sea and the Gulf of Aden off the coast of Somalia. Any of these occurrences could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and ability to pay dividends. Terrorist attacks on vessels, such as the October 2002 attack on the M.V. Limburg, a very large crude carrier not related to us, may, in the future, also negatively affect our operations and financial condition and directly impact our vessels or our customers. Future terrorist attacks could result in increased volatility and turmoil of the financial markets in the United States and globally. Any of these occurrences could have a material adverse impact on our revenues and costs.
In addition, LNG facilities, shipyards, vessels (including conventional LNG carriers and FSRUs), pipelines and gas fields could be targets of future terrorist attacks or piracy. Any such attacks could lead to, among other things, bodily injury or loss of life, vessel or other property damage, increased vessel operational costs, including insurance costs, and the inability to transport LNG to or from certain locations. Terrorist attacks, war or other events beyond our control that adversely affect the production, storage, transportation or regasification of LNG to be shipped or processed by us could entitle our customers to terminate our charter contracts, which would harm our cash flow and our business.
Terrorist attacks, or the perception that LNG facilities, LNG carriers and FSRUs are potential terrorist targets, could materially and adversely affect expansion of LNG infrastructure and the continued supply of LNG to the United States and other countries. Concern that LNG facilities may be targeted for attack by terrorists has contributed to significant community and environmental resistance to the construction of a number of LNG facilities, primarily in North America. If a terrorist incident involving an LNG facility, LNG carrier or FSRU did occur, in addition to the possible effects identified in the previous paragraph, the incident may adversely affect construction of additional LNG facilities or FSRUs, or lead to the temporary or permanent closing of various LNG facilities or FSRUs currently in operation.
The economic downturn may affect our customers' ability to charter our vessels and pay for our services, and may adversely affect our business and results of operations.
The economic downturn in the global financial markets may lead to a decline in our customers' operations or ability to pay for our services, which could result in decreased demand for our vessels and services. Our customers' inability to pay could also result in their default on our current charters. The decline in the amount of services requested by our customers or their default on our charters with them could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We cannot determine whether the difficult conditions in the economy and the financial markets will improve or worsen in the near future.
An over-supply of vessel capacity may lead to further reductions in charter hire rates and profitability.
The supply of vessels generally increases with deliveries of new vessels and decreases with the scrapping of older vessels, conversion of vessels to other uses, and loss of tonnage as a result of casualties. Currently, there is significant newbuilding activity with respect to virtually all sizes and classes of vessels. An over-supply of vessel capacity, combined with a decline in the demand for such vessels, may result in a further reduction of charter hire rates. If such a reduction continues in the future, upon the expiration or termination of our vessels' current charters, we may only be able to re-charter our vessels at reduced or unprofitable rates or we may not be able to charter our vessels at all, which would have a material adverse effect on our revenues and profitability.
Hire rates for FSRUs and LNG carriers are not readily available and may fluctuate substantially. If rates are lower when we are seeking a new charter, our earnings and ability to make distributions to our unitholders will suffer.
Hire rates for FSRUs and LNG carriers are not readily available and may fluctuate over time as a result of changes in the supply-demand balance relating to current and future FSRU and LNG carrier capacity. This supply-demand relationship largely depends on a number of factors outside our control. The LNG market is closely connected to world natural gas prices and energy markets, which we cannot predict. A substantial or extended decline in natural gas prices could adversely affect our ability to recharter our vessels at acceptable rates or acquire and profitably operate new FSRUs or LNG carriers. Our ability from time to time to charter or re-charter any vessel at attractive rates will depend on, among other things, the prevailing economic conditions in the LNG industry. Hire rates for newbuilding FSRUs and LNG carriers are correlated with the price of FSRU newbuildings and LNG carrier newbuildings. Please read "Industry—LNG Carriers—Carrying Capacity and Prices" for information on the cyclical behavior and the current state of LNG carrier shipbuilding prices
Vessel values may fluctuate substantially and, if these values are lower at a time when we are attempting to dispose of vessels, we may incur a loss.
Vessel values for LNG carriers can fluctuate substantially over time due to a number of different factors, including:
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prevailing economic conditions in the natural gas and energy markets;
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a substantial or extended decline in demand for LNG;
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increases in the supply of vessel capacity;
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the size and age of a vessel; and
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the cost of retrofitting or modifying existing vessels, as a result of technological advances in vessel design or equipment, changes in applicable environmental or other regulations or standards, customer requirements or otherwise.
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As our vessels age, the expenses associated with maintaining and operating them are expected to increase, which could have an adverse effect on our business and operations if we do not maintain sufficient cash reserves for maintenance and replacement capital expenditures. Moreover, the cost of a replacement vessel would be significant.
If a charter terminates, we may be unable to re-deploy the affected vessels at attractive rates and, rather than continue to incur costs to maintain and finance them, we may seek to dispose of them. Our inability to dispose of vessels at a reasonable value could result in a loss on their sale and adversely affect our ability to purchase a replacement vessel, results of operations and financial condition and ability to make distributions to shareholders. Please refer to section "Critical Accounting Estimates – Vessel Market Valuations" for further information.
The LNG transportation industry is competitive and we may not be able to compete successfully, which would adversely affect our earnings.
The LNG transportation industry in which we operate is competitive, especially with respect to the negotiation of long-term charters. Competition arises primarily from other LNG carrier owners, some of whom have substantially greater resources than we do. Furthermore, new competitors with greater resources could enter the market for LNG carriers and FSRUs and operate larger fleets through consolidations, acquisitions or the purchase of new vessels, and may be able to offer lower charter rates and more modern fleets. If we are not able to compete successfully, our earnings could be adversely affected. Competition may also prevent us from achieving our goal of profitably expanding into other areas of the LNG industry.
Our vessels are required to trade globally and we must, therefore, conduct our operations in many parts of the world, and, accordingly, our vessels are exposed to international risks, which could reduce revenue or increase expenses.
We conduct global operations and transport LNG from politically unstable regions. Changing economic, regulatory and political conditions in some countries, including political and military conflicts, have from time to time resulted in attacks on vessels, mining of waterways, piracy, terrorism and other efforts to disrupt shipping. The terrorist attacks against targets in the United States on September 11, 2001, the military response by the United States and the conflict in Iraq may increase the likelihood of acts of terrorism worldwide. Acts of terrorism, regional hostilities or other political instability could affect LNG trade patterns and reduce our revenue or increase our expenses. Further, we could be forced to incur additional and unexpected costs in order to comply with changes in the laws or regulations of the nations in which our vessels operate. These additional costs could have a material adverse impact on our operating results, revenue and costs.
Our vessels may call on ports located in countries that are subject to restrictions imposed by the U.S. or other governments, which could adversely affect our business.
From time to time on charterers' instructions, our vessels may call on ports located in countries subject to sanctions and embargoes imposed by the United States government and in countries identified by the U.S. government as state sponsors of terrorism. The U.S. sanctions and embargo laws and regulations vary in their application, as they do not all apply to the same covered persons or proscribe the same activities, and such sanctions and embargo laws and regulations may be amended or strengthened over time. In 2010, the U.S. enacted the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions Accountability and Divestment Act ("CISADA"), which expanded the scope of the former Iran Sanctions Act. Among other things, CISADA expands the application of the prohibitions to non-U.S. companies, such as our company, and introduces limits on the ability of companies and persons to do business or trade with Iran when such activities relate to the investment, supply or export of refined petroleum or petroleum products. Although we believe that we are in compliance with all applicable sanctions and embargo laws and regulations, and intend to maintain such compliance, there can be no assurance that we will be in compliance in the future, particularly as the scope of certain laws may be unclear and may be subject to changing interpretations. Any such violation could result in fines or other penalties and could result in some investors deciding, or being required, to divest their interest, or not to invest, in our company. Additionally, some investors may decide to divest their interest, or not to invest, in our company simply because we do business with companies that do business in sanctioned countries. Moreover, our charterers may violate applicable sanctions and embargo laws and regulations as a result of actions that do not involve us or our vessels, and those violations could in turn negatively affect our reputation. Investor perception of the value of our company may also be adversely affected by the consequences of war, the effects of terrorism, civil unrest and governmental actions in these and surrounding countries.
Acts of piracy on ocean-going vessels have recently increased in frequency, which could adversely affect our business.
Acts of piracy have historically affected ocean-going vessels trading in regions of the world such as the South China Sea and in the Gulf of Aden off the coast of Somalia. Beginning in 2008, the frequency of piracy incidents against commercial shipping vessels increased significantly and continues at a relatively high level through today, particularly in the Gulf of Aden. Since 2009, numerous vessels have fallen victim to piracy attacks off the coast of Somalia. For example, on January 15, 2010, the M/V Samho Jewelry, a vessel not affiliated with us, was seized by pirates while transporting chemicals 800 miles off the Somali coast. If these piracy attacks result in regions in which our vessels are deployed being characterized by insurers as "war risk" zones, as the Gulf of Aden temporarily was in May 2008, or Joint War Committee "war and strikes" listed areas, premiums payable for such insurance coverage could increase significantly and such insurance coverage may be more difficult to obtain. In addition, crew costs, including those due to employing onboard security guards, could increase in such circumstances. We may not be adequately insured to cover losses from these incidents, which could have a material adverse effect on us. In addition, any detention hijacking as a result of an act of piracy against our vessels, or an increase in cost, or unavailability of insurance for our vessels, could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The recent earthquake and tsunami in Japan may have an adverse affect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
The earthquake and tsunami that occurred in Japan on March 11, 2011 have caused hundreds of billions of dollars of damage and has threatened to send the Japanese economy into a recession. As of the date of this annual report, the extent to which the earthquake and tsunami will affect the international shipping industry is unclear. With the third largest economy in the world, a prolonged recovery period with a relatively stagnant Japanese economy could have adverse economic implications worldwide. This, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
Our insurance coverage may be insufficient to cover losses that may occur to our property or result from our operations.
The operation of LNG carriers and FSRUs is inherently risky. Although we carry protection and indemnity insurance, all risks may not be adequately insured against, and any particular claim may not be paid. Any claims covered by insurance would be subject to deductibles, and since it is possible that a large number of claims may be brought, the aggregate amount of these deductibles could be material. Certain of our insurance coverage is maintained through mutual protection and indemnity associations and, as a member of such associations, we may be required to make additional payments over and above budgeted premiums if member claims exceed association reserves.
We may be unable to procure adequate insurance coverage at commercially reasonable rates in the future. For example, more stringent environmental regulations have led in the past to increased costs for, and in the future may result in the lack of availability of, insurance against risks of environmental damage or pollution. A marine disaster could exceed our insurance coverage, which could harm our business, financial condition and operating results. Any uninsured or underinsured loss could harm our business and financial condition. In addition, our insurance may be voidable by the insurers as a result of certain of our actions, such as our vessels failing to maintain certification with applicable maritime self-regulatory organizations.
Changes in the insurance markets attributable to terrorist attacks may also make certain types of insurance more difficult for us to obtain. In addition, upon renewal or expiration of our current policies, the insurance that may be available to us may be significantly more expensive than our existing coverage.
Any future changes to the laws and regulations governing LNG carrier and FSRU vessels could increase our expenses to remain in compliance.
The laws of the nations where our vessels operate, as well as international treaties and conventions, regulate the production, storage and transportation of LNG. Our operations are materially affected by these extensive and changing environmental protection laws and other regulations and international conventions, including those relating to equipping and operating our LNG carriers and FSRUs. We have incurred, and expect to continue to incur, substantial expenses in complying with these laws and regulations, including expenses for vessel modifications and changes in operating procedures. While we believe that we comply with the current regulations of the International Maritime Organization, or IMO, any future non-compliance could subject us to increased liability, lead to decreases in available insurance coverage for affected vessels and result in the denial of access to, or detention in, some ports. Furthermore, future United States federal and state laws and regulations as then in force, or future regulations adopted by the IMO, and any other future regulations, may limit our ability to do business or cause the Company to incur additional costs relating to such matters as LNG carrier construction, maintenance and inspection requirements, development of contingency plans for potential leakages and insurance coverage.
Safety, environmental and other governmental requirements expose us to liability, and compliance with current and future regulations could require significant additional expenditures, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results.
Our operations are affected by extensive and changing international, national, state and local laws, regulations, treaties, conventions and standards in force in international waters, the jurisdictions in which our tankers and other vessels operate and the country or countries in which such vessels are registered, including those governing the management and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes, the cleanup of oil spills and other contamination, air emissions, and water discharges and ballast water management. These regulations include the U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990, or the OPA, the U.S. Clean Water Act, the U.S. Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002 and regulations of the IMO, including the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage of 1969, as from time to time amended and generally referred to as the CLC, the IMO International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships of 1973, as from time to time amended and generally referred to as MARPOL, the IMO International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea of 1974, as from time to time amended and generally referred to as SOLAS, and the IMO International Convention on Load Lines of 1966, as from time to time amended.
In addition, vessel classification societies and the requirements set forth in the IMO's International Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and for Pollution Prevention, or the ISM Code, also impose significant safety and other requirements on our vessels. In complying with current and future environmental requirements, vessel owners and operators may also incur significant additional costs in meeting new maintenance and inspection requirements, in developing contingency arrangements for potential spills and in obtaining insurance coverage. Government regulation of vessels, particularly in the areas of safety and environmental requirements, can be expected to become stricter in the future and require us to incur significant capital expenditures on our vessels to keep them in compliance, or even to scrap or sell certain vessels altogether.
Many of these requirements are designed to reduce the risk of oil spills and other pollution, and our compliance with these requirements can be costly. These requirements also can affect the resale value or useful lives of our vessels, require reductions in cargo capacity, ship modifications or operational changes or restrictions, lead to decreased availability of insurance coverage for environmental matters or result in the denial of access to certain jurisdictional waters or ports, or detention in certain ports.
Under local, national and foreign laws, as well as international treaties and conventions, we could incur material liabilities, including cleanup obligations, natural resource damages and third-party claims for personal injury or property damages, in the event that there is a release of petroleum or other hazardous substances from our vessels or otherwise in connection with our current or historic operations. We could also incur substantial penalties, fines and other civil or criminal sanctions, including in certain instances seizure or detention of our vessels, as a result of violations of or liabilities under environmental laws, regulations and other requirements. For example, OPA affects all vessel owners shipping oil to, from or within the United States. OPA allows for potentially unlimited liability without regard to fault for owners, operators and bareboat charterers of vessels for oil pollution in U.S. waters. Similarly the CLC, which has been adopted by most countries outside of the United States, imposes liability for oil pollution in international waters. OPA expressly permits individual states to impose their own liability regimes with regard to hazardous materials and oil pollution incidents occurring within their boundaries. Coastal states in the United States have enacted pollution prevention liability and response laws, many providing for unlimited liability. Furthermore, environmental laws often impose strict liability for remediation of spills and releases of oil and hazardous substances, which could subject us to liability without regard to whether we were negligent or at fault. Under OPA, for example, owners, operators and bareboat charterers are jointly and severally strictly liable for the discharge of oil in U.S. waters, including the 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone around the United States. Furthermore, the 2010 explosion of the drilling rig Deepwater Horizon, which is unrelated to the Company, and the subsequent release of oil into the Gulf of Mexico, or other events, may result in further regulation of the shipping and offshore industries and modifications to statutory liability schemes, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. An oil spill could also result in significant liability, including fines, penalties, criminal liability and remediation costs for natural resource damages under other international and U.S. federal, state and local laws, as well as third-party damages, and could harm our reputation with current or potential charterers of our vessels. We are required to satisfy insurance and financial responsibility requirements for potential oil (including marine fuel) spills and other pollution incidents.
Although we have arranged insurance to cover certain environmental risks, there can be no assurance that such insurance will be sufficient to cover all such risks or that any claims will not have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition and available cash.
Climate change and greenhouse gas restrictions may adversely impact our operations and markets.
Due to concern over the risk of climate change, a number of countries and the IMO have adopted, or are considering the adoption of, regulatory frameworks to reduce greenhouse gas emission from vessel emissions. These regulatory measures may include, among others, adoption of cap and trade regimes, carbon taxes, increased efficiency standards, and incentives or mandates for renewable energy. Although the emissions of greenhouse gases from international shipping currently are not subject to the Kyoto Protocol for now, a new treaty may be adopted in the future that includes restrictions on shipping emissions. Compliance with changes in laws and regulations relating to climate change could increase our costs of operating and maintaining our vessels and could require us to install new emission controls, acquire allowances or pay taxes related to our greenhouse gas emissions, or administer and manage a greenhouse gas emissions program. Revenue generation and strategic growth opportunities may also be adversely affected.
Adverse effects upon the oil and gas industry relating to climate change, including growing public concern about the environmental impact of climate change, may also have an affect on demand for our services. For example, increased regulation of greenhouse gases or other concerns relating to climate change may reduce the demand for oil and gas in the future or create greater incentives for use of alternative energy sources. Any long-term material adverse effect on the oil and gas industry could have a significant financial and operational adverse impact on our business that we cannot predict with certainty at this time.
We may incur significant liability that would increase our expenses, if any, of our LNG carriers or FSRUs discharged fuel oil (bunkers) into the environment.
International environmental conventions, laws and regulations, including the laws of the United States, apply to our LNG carriers and FSRUs. If any of the vessels that we own or operate were to discharge fuel oil into the environment, we could face claims under these conventions, laws and regulations. We must also carry evidence of financial responsibility for our vessels under these regulations. United States law also permits individual states to impose their own liability regimes with regard to oil pollution incidents occurring within their boundaries, and a number of states have enacted legislation providing for unlimited liability for oil spills.
Maritime claimants could arrest our vessels, which could interrupt our cash flow.
If we are in default of certain obligations, such as those to our crew members, suppliers of goods and services to our vessels or shippers of cargo, these parties may be entitled to a maritime lien against one or more of our vessels for unsatisfied debts, claims or damages. In many jurisdictions, a maritime lien holder may enforce its lien by arresting a vessel through foreclosure proceedings. In a few jurisdictions, claimants could try to assert "sister ship" liability against one vessel in our fleet for claims relating to another of our vessels. The arrest or attachment of one or more of our vessels could interrupt our cash flow and require us to pay large sums of money to have the arrest lifted. In addition, in some jurisdictions, such as South Africa, under the "sister ship" theory of liability, a claimant may arrest both the vessel which is subject to the claimant's maritime lien and any "associated" vessel, which is any vessel owned or controlled by the same owner under some of our present charters. If the vessel is arrested or detained for as few as 14 days as a result of a claim against us, we may be in default of our charter and the charterer may terminate the charter.
Governments could requisition our vessels during a period of war or emergency without adequate compensation, resulting in a loss of earnings.
A government could requisition one or more of our vessels for title or for hire. Requisition for title occurs when a government takes control of a vessel and becomes her owner, while requisition for hire occurs when a government takes control of a vessel and effectively becomes her charterer at dictated charter rates. Generally, requisitions occur during periods of war or emergency, although governments may elect to requisition vessels in other circumstances. Although we would be entitled to compensation in the event of a requisition of one or more of our vessels, the amount and timing of payment could be materially less than the charterhire that would have been payable to us otherwise. In addition, we would bear all risk of loss or damage to a vessel under requisition for hire. Government requisition of one or more of our vessels may negatively impact our revenues and reduce the amount of dividends paid, if any, to our shareholders.
We may be subject to litigation that, if not resolved in our favor and not sufficiently insured against, could have a material adverse effect on us.
We may be, from time to time, involved in various litigation matters. These matters may include, among other things, contract disputes, personal injury claims, environmental claims or proceedings, asbestos and other toxic tort claims, employment matters, governmental claims for taxes or duties and other litigation that arises in the ordinary course of our business. Although we intend to defend these matters vigorously, we cannot predict with certainty the outcome or effect of any claim or other litigation matter, and the ultimate outcome of any litigation or the potential costs to resolve them may have a material adverse effect on us. Insurance may not be applicable or sufficient in all cases and/or insurers may not remain solvent, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.
Risks Related to our Common Shares
Our Chairman may have the ability to effectively control the outcome of significant corporate actions.
As of December 31, 2010, World Shipholding, a company indirectly controlled by Trusts established by John Fredriksen, our chairman, for the benefit of his immediate family, beneficially owned 45.8% of our outstanding common shares. As a result, Mr. Fredriksen and his affiliated entities have the potential ability to effectively control the outcome of matters on which our shareholders are entitled to vote, including the election of all directors and other significant corporate actions.
Fluctuations in the price and volume of shares of listed companies generally could result in the volatility of our share price.
Generally, stock markets have recently experienced extensive price and volume fluctuations, and the market prices of securities of shipping companies have experienced fluctuations that often have been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating results of those companies. Our share price has been subject to significant volatility. Since September 30, 2010, the closing market price of our common shares on the NASDAQ Global Select Market has ranged from a high of $25.96 per share on March 31, 2011 to a low of $12.08 per share on October 4, 2010, largely reflecting the market for shares such as ours. As of April 26, 2011, our share price was $31.20. The market price of our common shares may continue to fluctuate due to factors such as actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly or annual results and those of other public companies in our industry, the suspension of our dividend payments, mergers and strategic alliances in the shipping industry, market conditions in the LNG shipping industry, shortfalls in our operating results from levels forecast by securities analysts, announcements concerning us or our competitors and the general state of the securities market. The market for common shares in this industry may be equally volatile. Therefore, we cannot assure you that you will be able to sell any of our common shares that you may have purchased at a price greater than or equal to its original purchase price.
As of April 27, 2010, the Company owned 95.1% of Golar Energy's shares and 65% of Golar LNG Partners LP, or Golar Partners, shares, and investor ownership in Golar Energy and Golar Partners may be further diluted by the issuance of additional common shares including stock dividends.
Further exchange listings and/or stock dividends may have the following effects:
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Golar Energy and/or Golar Partners may issue additional common shares, or we may sell all or part of our holdings in Golar Energy and/or Golar Partners further diluting your indirect ownership interest.
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Conflicts of interest may arise between the non-controlling shareholders, and us, the majority shareholder
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The amount of cash available for paying dividends may decrease.
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The market price of our common shares may decrease.
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Because we are a Bermuda corporation, you may have less recourse against us or our directors than shareholders of a U.S. company have against the directors of that U.S. Company.
Because we are a Bermuda company, the rights of holders of our common shares will be governed by Bermuda law and our memorandum of association and bye-laws. The rights of shareholders under Bermuda law may differ from the rights of shareholders in other jurisdictions. Among these differences is a Bermuda law provision that permits a company to exempt a director from liability for any negligence, default, or breach of a fiduciary duty except for liability resulting directly from that director's fraud or dishonesty. Our bye-laws provide that no director or officer shall be liable to us or our shareholders unless the director's or officer's liability results from that person's fraud or dishonesty. Our bye-laws also require us to indemnify a director or officer against any losses incurred by that director or officer resulting from their negligence or breach of duty, except where such losses are the result of fraud or dishonesty. Accordingly, we carry directors' and officers' insurance to protect against such a risk. In addition, under Bermuda law, the directors of a Bermuda company owe their duties to that company and not to the shareholders. Bermuda law does not, generally, permit shareholders of a Bermuda company to bring an action for a wrongdoing against the company, but rather the company itself is generally the proper plaintiff in an action against the directors for a breach of their fiduciary duties. These provisions of Bermuda law and our bye-laws, as well as other provisions not discussed here, may differ from the law of jurisdictions with which investors may be more familiar and may substantially limit or prohibit shareholders ability to bring suit against our directors.
Future sales of our common shares could cause the market price of our common shares to decline.
Sales of a substantial number of our common shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, may depress the market price for our common shares. These sales could also impair our ability to raise additional capital through the sale of our equity securities in the future.
Because our offices and most of our assets are outside the United States, you may not be able to bring suit against us, or enforce a judgment obtained against us in the United States.
We, and most of our subsidiaries, are or will be incorporated in jurisdictions outside the U.S. and substantially all of our assets and those of our subsidiaries and will be located outside the U.S. In addition, most of our directors and officers are or will be non-residents of the U.S., and all or a substantial portion of the assets of these non-residents are or will be located outside the U.S. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for U.S. investors to serve process within the U.S. upon us, our subsidiaries, or our directors and officers, or to enforce a judgment against us for civil liabilities in U.S. courts. In addition, you should not assume that courts in the countries in which we or our subsidiaries are incorporated or where our or our subsidiaries' assets are located would enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained in actions against us or our subsidiaries based upon the civil liability provisions of applicable U.S. federal and state securities laws, or would enforce, in original actions, liabilities against us or our subsidiaries based on those laws.
Disruptions in world financial markets and the resulting governmental action in the United States and in other parts of the world could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows, and could cause the market price of shares of our common stock to decline.
The United States and other parts of the world have and continue to experience weakened economic conditions and have been in a recession. For example, the credit markets in the United States and worldwide have experienced significant contraction, deleveraging and reduced liquidity, and governments around the world have taken highly significant measures in response to such events, and may implement other significant responses in the future. Securities and futures markets, and the credit markets, are subject to comprehensive statutes, regulations and other requirements. The SEC, other regulators, self-regulatory organizations and exchanges have enacted temporary emergency regulations and may take other extraordinary actions in the event of market emergencies, and may effect changes in law or interpretations of existing laws.
A number of financial institutions have experienced financial difficulties and, in some cases, have entered bankruptcy proceedings or are in regulatory enforcement actions. The uncertainty surrounding the recovery of the credit markets in the United States and the rest of the world has resulted in reduced access to credit worldwide that is especially evident in our industry. Over the last few years, certain banking institutions have been forced to record heavy losses from troubled shipping loans. These difficulties may adversely affect the financial institutions that provide our credit facilities and may impair their ability to continue to perform under their financing obligations to us, which could have an impact on our ability to fund current and future obligations.
The uncertainty surrounding the future of the credit markets in the United States and the rest of the world has resulted in reduced access to credit worldwide. These difficulties may adversely affect the financial institutions that provide our credit facilities and may impair their ability to continue to perform under their financing obligations to us, which could have an impact on our ability to fund current and future obligations, including our ability to take delivery of our new vessels.
We face risks attendant to changes in economic environments, changes in interest rates and instability in the banking and securities markets around the world, among other factors. Major market disruptions and adverse changes in market conditions and the regulatory climate in the United States and worldwide may adversely affect our business or impair our ability to borrow amounts under our credit facilities or any future financial arrangements. We cannot predict how long the current market conditions will last. However, these recent and developing economic and governmental factors, including proposals to reform the financial system, may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows and could cause the price of our common shares to decline significantly or impair our ability to make distributions to our shareholders.
Investor confidence and the market price of our common stock may be adversely impacted if we are unable to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
We are subject to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which requires us to include in our annual report on Form 20-F, our management's report on, and assessment of the effectiveness of, our internal controls over financial reporting. If we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal controls over financial reporting, we will not be in compliance with all of the requirements imposed by Section 404. Any failure to comply with Section 404 could result in an adverse reaction in the financial marketplace due to a loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which ultimately could harm our business and could negatively impact the market price of our common stock. We believe the ongoing costs of complying with these requirements may be substantial.
ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY
A. History and Development of the Company
Golar LNG Limited is a mid-stream LNG company engaged primarily in the transportation, regasification and liquefaction and trading of LNG. We are engaged in the acquisition, ownership, operation and chartering of LNG carriers and FSRUs through our subsidiaries and the development of LNG projects as well as the trading of LNG cargo's. As of March 31, 2011, our fleet consisted of 12 vessels and a 50% equity interest in one LNG carrier.
We were incorporated as a Bermuda exempted company under the Bermuda Companies Act of 1981 in the Islands of Bermuda on May, 2001 and maintain our principal executive headquarters at Par-la-Ville Place, 14 Par-la-Ville Road, Hamilton, Bermuda. Our telephone number at that address is +1 (441) 295-4705. Our principal administrative offices are located at One America Square, 17 Crosswall, London, United Kingdom.
Our business was originally founded in 1946 as Gotaas-Larsen Shipping Corporation. Gotaas-Larsen entered the LNG shipping business in 1970 and in 1997 was acquired by Osprey Maritime Limited, or Osprey, then a Singapore listed publicly traded company. In May 2001, World Shipholding, a company indirectly controlled by Trusts established by John Fredriksen for the benefit of his immediate family, acquired Osprey, which was subsequently delisted from the Singapore Stock Exchange. On May 21, 2001, we acquired the LNG shipping interests of Osprey and we listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange in July 2001 and on the NASDAQ Global Select Market in December 2002. As of December 31, 2010, World Shipholding owned 45.8% of our issued and outstanding common shares.
Our strategy to become a midstream floating solution provider began in 2002 when we undertook a study to consider the conversion of an existing LNG carrier into a floating storage and regasification unit, or FSRU and continued in 2004 with a similar study for the conversion into a floating power generation plant, or FPGP. In December 2005, Keppel Shipyard Limited of Singapore signed a contract with us for the first ever conversion of an existing LNG carrier into a FSRU.
In April 2007, we were awarded our first firm FSRU employment through the award of two long term leases by Petrobras to employ Golar Winter and Golar Spirit as FSRUs. We currently have three operational FSRUs and one undergoing conversion and are actively pursuing further growth as a midstream LNG company.
Vessel acquisition, disposals and conversions
During the three years ended December 31, 2010, we invested $469.1 million in our vessels and equipment, including the 2008 acquisition from Shell of the Golar Arctic for the purchase price of $185 million and FSRU conversions. We also sold the Golar Frost to OLT Offshore Toscana S.p.A, or OLT-O, in July 2008, recognizing a gain of $78.1 million.
During 2007 and 2008, we entered into time charter agreements which required the conversion or modification of three LNG carriers, the Golar Spirit, Golar Winter and the Golar Freeze into FSRUs. We entered into 10-year time charter agreements with Petrobras for the Golar Spirit and the Golar Winter and with DUSUP for the Golar Freeze, that commenced upon delivery of each of these vessels. Employment commenced in (i) July 2008 for the Golar Spirit, (ii) September 2009 for the Golar Winter and (iii) May 2010 for the Golar Freeze.
In October 2010, we were selected as the successful bidder for the West Java FSRU project and have commenced discussions with Pertamina for the conversion of the Khannur into an FSRU. The FSRU time charter party was signed between the Company and Nusantara Regas (a joint venture between Pertamina and Progress Energy, Inc., or PGN) in April 2011. The project represents the Company's fourth FSRU project and is for a period of approximately 11 years. The project involves the conversion of an LNG carrier, the Khannur, into an FSRU and the provision of associated mooring infrastructure.
In April 2011, we entered into newbuilding contracts for the construction of six LNG carriers with the Korean shipyard Samsung. Four of these vessels are scheduled to be delivered in 2013 and the remaining two vessels are scheduled to be delivered in early 2014. The total cost of the six vessels is approximately $1.2 billion. In addition we have an option to acquire an additional two LNG vessels to be constructed by Samsung for delivery in 2013 and thereafter.
Investments
During the three years ended December 31, 2010, we acquired and divested interests in a number of companies principally:
In July 2008, we invested an initial sum of $22.0 million in a (50:50) Dutch Antilles incorporated joint venture named Bluewater Gandria N.V., or Bluewater Gandria, with Bluewater Energy Services B.V., or Bluewater, formed for the purposes of pursuing opportunities to develop offshore LNG FSRU projects. The initial equity investment was used to acquire a 1977 built LNG carrier, the Gandria, for conversion and use as a FSRU.
In 2006, we purchased 23 million shares in Liquefied Natural Gas Limited, or LNGL, an Australian publicly listed company, for a consideration of $8.6 million. During 2009 and 2010, in a series of transactions we disposed of our entire interest in LNGL resulting in a gain of $8.4 million and $4.2 million, respectively.
Public Offerings
Golar LNG Partners ("Golar Partners")
In April 2011, we completed a public offering of 13.8 million common units (including 1.8 million units issued due to the exercising of the over-allotment option) of our subsidiary, Golar Partners, which is listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the symbol "GMLP". As a result of the offering our ownership of Golar Partners was reduced to 65% (including our 2% general partner interest). Golar Partners is a Marshall Islands Partnership formed by us in 2008, which owns and operates a fleet of two LNG carriers and two FSRUs each under long-term charters. The 13.8 million units were priced at $22.50 per unit resulting in gross proceeds of $310.5 million.
Golar LNG Energy LTD ("Golar Energy")
In June 2009, we formed a wholly owned subsidiary Golar Energy under the laws of Bermuda. On August 12, 2009, Golar Energy completed its corporate restructuring and private placement offering, when it acquired the interests in our wholly owned subsidiaries, which collectively owned interests in eight LNG vessels, a 50% equity interest in another LNG carrier and certain other investments. As ot December 31, 2010, we owned 61% of Golar Energy. Golar Energy is a publicly listed Bermuda company, listed in Norway on the Oslo Axess specializing in the acquisition, ownership, operation and chartering of LNG carriers and FSRUs and the development of liquefaction projects. As of December 31, 2010, Golar Energy operated a fleet of seven LNG carriers and had a 50% equity interest in another LNG carrier.
LNG trading – new business segment
During 2010, Golar established a wholly owned new subsidiary, Golar Commodities which positioned the company in the market for managing and trading LNG cargoes. Activities include structured services to outside customers, the buying and selling of physical cargoes as well as proprietary trading. Golar Commodities provides physical and financial risk management in LNG and gas markets for its customers around the world and strives to provide risk management expertise to help customers improve profitability. The team is based in Tulsa Oklahoma, London and Bermuda.
Acquisition of Golar Energy Shares
On April 26, 2011, we increased our ownership of Golar Energy from 61.1% to 90.5% by entering into agreements to acquire an additional 69,841,044 Golar Energy shares. The sellers will receive one newly-issued Golar LNG share for every 6.06 Golar Energy shares. The new Golar LNG shares will be issued at $30.30.
The share acquisitions have been organized into two transactions. In the first transaction, we have acquired 36,300,891 shares from international institutional investors and, in the second transaction, we have acquired 33,540,153 from World Shipholding Limited, our major shareholder. In the first transaction, shares will be issued immediately. In the second transaction, the shares will be issued upon the filing with the SEC and effectiveness of a registration statement covering such shares. The two transactions will increase our capital by 11,524,911 shares.
On April 27, 2011, we further increased our ownership of Golar Energy by acquiring an additional 10,536,287 shares at a price of approximately $5 per share. This increases our ownerhip of Golar Energy to 95.1% and the number of shares held to 226,346,347.
We intend to commence, in mid-May, a voluntary offer to acquire the remaining outstanding shares in Golar Energy at the same price as described above.
Following the closing of this offer, we will initiate a compulsory acquisition offer of any remaining shares in Golar Energy and delist Golar Energy from Oslo Axess.
B. Business Overview
We are a leading independent owner and operator of LNG carriers and FSRUs. As of March 31, 2011, we had a fleet of 12 vessels, consisting of eight LNG carriers (including one in which we have a 60% equity interest), four FSRUs and a 50% equity interest in another vessel. In April 2011, we placed orders with Samsung for the construction of six LNG carriers with an option to acquire an additional two vessels. We are seeking to further develop our business in other mid-stream areas of the LNG supply chain other than shipping, in particular innovative LNG solutions such as FSRUs and floating LNG production as well the recent creation of our commodity trading business which positions the company for managing and trading LNG cargoes.
The Natural Gas Industry
Predominately used to generate electricity and as a heating source, natural gas is one of the "big three" fossil fuels that make up the vast majority of world energy consumption. As a cleaner burning fuel than both oil and coal, natural gas has become an increasingly attractive fuel source in the last decade. As more emphasis is placed on reducing carbon emissions, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (or OECD) nations have come to view natural gas as a way of reducing their environmental footprint, particularly for electricity where natural gas-fired facilities have been gradually replacing oil, coal and older natural gas-fired plants.
According to the EIA International Energy Outlook 2010, worldwide energy consumption is projected to increase by 49% from 2007 to 2035, with total energy demand in non-OECD countries increasing by 84%, compared with an increase of 14% in OECD countries. Natural gas consumption worldwide is forecasted to increase by 44%, from 108 trillion cubic feet (or Tcf) (3,058 billion cubic meters (or bcm)) in 2007 to 156 Tcf (4,417 bcm) in 2035.
The primary factors contributing to the growth of natural gas demand include:
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Environmental: Natural gas is a clean-burning fuel. It produces less carbon dioxide and other pollutants and particles per unit of energy produced than coal, fuel oil and other common hydrocarbon fuel sources;
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Demand from Industry and Power Generation: According to the EIA, electricity generation is expected to be an important use for natural gas, forecasted to increase from 33% in 2007 to 36% in 2035 as a share of the world's total natural gas consumption. Additionally, the industrial and power sectors which currently consume more natural gas than any other end-use sectors are forecasted to consume 39% of the world's natural gas supply in 2035;
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Market Deregulation: Deregulation of the natural gas and electric power industries in the United States, Europe and Japan has resulted in new entrants and an increased market for natural gas;
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Significant Natural Gas Reserves: According to EIA estimates, as of January 1, 2010, the world's total proved natural gas reserves were 6,609 Tcf (187,144 bcm), 6% higher than the 2009 estimate; and
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Emerging Economies: According to the EIA, natural gas consumption is forecasted to increase by an average of 1.9% per year through 2035 in non-OECD countries, compared to an average of 0.6% per year in OECD countries. As a result, non-OECD countries are expected to account for 78% of the total increase in natural gas consumption over the period from 2007 to 2035.
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These factors, in addition to overall global economic growth, are expected to contribute to an increase in the consumption of natural gas. There is a growing disparity between the amount of natural gas produced and the amount of natural gas consumed in many major consuming countries, which will likely cause those countries to rely on imports for a greater portion of their natural gas consumption. Importers must either import natural gas through a pipeline or, alternatively, in the form of liquefied natural gas (or LNG) aboard ships. LNG is natural gas that has been converted into its liquid state through a cooling process, which allows for efficient transportation by sea. Upon arrival at its destination, LNG is returned to its gaseous state at regasification facilities for distribution to consumers through pipelines.
Natural gas is an abundant fuel source, with the EIA estimating that, as of January 1, 2010, worldwide proved natural gas reserves were 6,609 Tcf (187,144 bcm). Almost three-quarters of the world's natural gas reserves are located in the Middle East and Eurasia. Russia, Iran and Qatar accounted for 55% of the world's natural gas reserves as of January 1, 2010, and the United States is the sixth largest holder of natural gas reserves at 3.7% of the world's reserves.
The EIA predicts a substantial increase in the production of "unconventional" natural gas, including tight gas, shale gas and coalbed methane. Although reserves of unconventional natural gas are unknown, the EIA predicts a substantial increase in natural gas supplies from unconventional formations in the future, especially from the United States but also from Canada and China. Shale gas production has been particularly prolific increasing by over 5 billion cubic feet (or Bcf) per day since the beginning of 2007. This increase largely results from recent advances in horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing technologies, especially in the U.S. These technologies have made it possible to exploit the U.S.'s vast shale gas resources. Rising estimates of shale gas resources have helped to increase estimates of the total U.S. natural gas reserves by almost 50% over the past decade. The EIA expects shale gas to comprise 26% of U.S. natural gas production in 2035. This is a fivefold increase from 2007, more than enough to offset the expected decline in conventional natural gas production.
Although the growth in production of unconventional domestic natural gas has resulted in a reduced rate of growth in LNG demand in the U.S., the long-term impact of shale gas and other unconventional natural gas production on the global LNG trade is unclear. The following factors will be primary indicators of future demand for LNG in the U.S.:
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Sustainability of current levels of shale gas production;
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Total reserves of unconventional natural gas, which have not yet been fully evaluated;
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Depletion rates of shale gas reserves; and
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Potential negative environmental impact, which could limit production of natural gas from unconventional formations.
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The reduced rate of growth in LNG demand in the U.S. is expected to be at least partly offset by increased demand for LNG in other nations, especially non-OECD countries.
Liquefied Natural Gas
Overview
The need to transport natural gas over long distances across oceans led to the development of the international LNG trade. The first shipments were made on a trial basis in 1959 between the United States and the United Kingdom, while 1964 saw the start of the first commercial-scale LNG project to ship LNG from Algeria to the United Kingdom. LNG shipping provides a cost-effective and safe means for transporting natural gas overseas. The LNG is transported overseas in specially built tanks on double-hulled ships to a receiving terminal, where it is offloaded and stored in heavily insulated tanks. In regasification facilities at the receiving terminal, the LNG is returned to its gaseous state (or regasified) and then shipped by pipeline for distribution to natural gas customers.
The following diagram displays the flow of natural gas and LNG from production to regasification.
LNG Supply Chain
The LNG supply chain involves the following components:
Gas Field Production and Pipeline: Natural gas is produced and transported via pipeline to natural gas liquefaction facilities located along the coast of the producing country.
Liquefaction Plant and Storage: Natural gas is cooled to a temperature of minus 260 degrees Fahrenheit, transforming the gas into a liquid, which reduces its volume to approximately 1/600th of its volume in a gaseous state. The reduced volume facilitates economical storage and transportation by ship over long distances, enabling countries with limited natural gas reserves or limited access to long-distance transmission pipelines to meet their demand for natural gas.
Shipping: LNG is loaded onto specially designed, double-hulled LNG carriers and transported overseas from the liquefaction facility to the receiving terminal.
Regasification: At the regasification facility (either onshore or aboard specialized LNG carriers), the LNG is returned to its gaseous state, or regasified.
Storage, Distribution and Marketing: Once regasified, the natural gas is stored in specially designed facilities or transported to natural gas consumers and end-use markets via pipelines.
The basic costs of producing, liquefying, transporting and regasifying LNG are much higher than in an equivalent oil supply chain. This high unit cost of supply has led in recent years to the pursuit of ever-larger facilities in order to achieve improved economies of scale.
Production
There are three major regional areas that supply LNG. These are (i) Southeast Asia, including Australia, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia and Russia (ii) the Middle East, including Qatar, Oman, United Arab Emirates and Yemen, and (iii) the Atlantic Basin countries, including Algeria, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Libya, Nigeria, Norway and Trinidad with facilities approaching completion in Angola. South America has now entered the LNG Liquefaction industry with Peru completing construction of their LNG project. The expansion of existing LNG production facilities is one of the major sources of growth in LNG production and most projects with gas reserves available are considering growth of production.
Qatar completed construction on its final three large production facilities ("trains") during 2010, taking total production capacity to 77 million tons per annum, or mmtpa, upon commissioning RasGas III Train 7 in February 2010, Qatargas-3 in November 2010 and completing construction at Qatargas-4 in December 2010.
Peru became a new LNG exporter in June 2010 when it commissioned a 4.45 mmtpa facility. Yemen also commissioned a second train in April 2010.
The Australian LNG focus has shifted to the Coal Seam Gas (CSG) fields in Queensland. Despite some taxation uncertainties, BG sanctioned its 8.5 mmtpa, QCLNG project in October 2010. Strong progress was also made at Santos's rival 7.8 mmtpa GLNG project, with both Total and KOGAS signing offtake contracts and acquiring equity in the project. A final investment decision on GLNG was taken in January 2011. Chevron's Wheatstone project signed a 4.1 mmtpa Heads of Agreement with TEPCO in December 2009 and subsequently entered into agreements with Kyushu Electric and KOGAS during 2010. Shell also made strides at its Prelude FLNG project agreeing to an HOA with Osaka Gas for 0.8 mmtpa.
Many recently commissioned projects had contracts to supply LNG to North America. Due to the increase in domestic U.S. natural gas production from shale gas much of this new LNG supply has been diverted to alternative markets. This has opened up new trade routes and new markets have developed.
The development of U.S. shale gas production has also given rise to the possibility of exporting LNG from the U.S. For example Cheniere Energy Inc announced plans to add liquefaction facilities at its Sabine Pass LNG import terminal.
Consumption
The two major geographic areas that dominate worldwide consumption of LNG are East Asia; including Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and China; and the Atlantic basin.
East Asia
Most recently as a result of the terrible damage caused by the earthquake, LNG buyers in Japan have significantly increased LNG imports to help counter balance the loss of nuclear power. The large traditional LNG markets of Japan, South Korea and Taiwan all increased LNG imports in 2010, with South Korea and Taiwan showing particularly strong growth as their economies recovered.
China's LNG imports also increased in 2010 due to new LNG from Qatar, Yemen, Malaysia and Indonesia. However, in India, pipeline constraints and increased domestic production led to a decrease in LNG imports.
Europe and the Atlantic Basin
Importation of LNG from the expanding production capacity in Qatar increased in Italy and the UK in particular while an expected decline in Spanish imports due to increased pipeline imports did not materialise due to delays in the commissioning of the Medgaz pipeline. Argentina increased its LNG imports in 2010, shifting from a purely seasonal buyer to a year-round importer. The commissioning of its second FSRU (Escobar LNG) due in May this year means that ENARSA could import as many as 50 cargoes in the coming year.
Following limited imports in the first nine months of the year, low hydro power facility water reservoir levels in Brazil led to an increase in LNG imports towards the end of the year, with Brazil importing an average of 7 cargoes per month during the last quarter.
In 2010 in the U.S., higher domestic gas production, increasing demand from new LNG markets and a economic recovery in Asia has kept U.S. LNG imports relatively low.
In the Middle East, Kuwait, in its first full summer season of LNG imported more than 30 cargoes. In Dubai, DUSUP commissioned its FSRU terminal in November 2010 and is expected to be used to help meet peak air conditioning and desalination demand loads in the summer months.
Chile's second terminal at Mejillones opened at the end of the first quarter in 2010 and imports about one cargo a month, with the first terminal at Quintero importing approximately double that amount.
The LNG Fleet
As of the end of March 2011, the world LNG carrier fleet consisted of 368 LNG carriers (including FSRUs and Regasification Vessels and 9 vessels currently in Lay-up). As of early April 2011, there are orders for around 37 (of all sizes) new LNG carriers (including small vessels and production units) with expected delivery dates through to end 2013.
The current 'standard' size for LNG carriers is approximately 155,000 cbm, up from 125,000 cbm during the 1970's. To assist with transportation unit cost reduction the average size of vessels is rising steadily and we have now seen Q Max LNG Vessels of up to 266,000 cbm enter the market. There are also some smaller LNG carriers, mainly built for dedicated short distance trades.
LNG carriers are designed for an economic life of approximately 40 years. Therefore all but a very few of the LNG carriers built in the 1970s still actively trade. In recent contract renewals, LNG vessels have been placed under time charters with terms surpassing their 40th anniversaries, which demonstrate the economic life for such older vessels. As a result, limited scrapping of LNG carriers has occurred or is likely to occur in the near future. In view of the fact that LNG is clean and non-corrosive when compared to other products such as oil and given that more has tended to be spent on maintenance of LNG vessels than oil tankers, the pressure to phase out older vessels has been much less than for crude oil tankers. We cannot, however, say that such pressure will not begin to build in the future.
While there are a number of different types of LNG vessels and "containment systems," there are two dominant containment systems in use today:
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The Moss system was developed in the 1970s and uses free standing insulated spherical tanks supported at the equator by a continuous cylindrical skirt. In this system, the tank and the hull of the vessel are two separate structures.
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The Membrane system uses insulation built directly into the hull of the vessel, along with a membrane covering inside the tanks to maintain their integrity. In this system, the ship's hull directly supports the pressure of the LNG cargo.
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Illustrations of these systems are included below:
Moss System
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Membrane System
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Of the vessels currently trading and on order, approximately 70% employ the membrane containment system, 29% employ the Moss system and the remaining 4% employ other systems. Of the newbuilds vessels on order that have employed the membrane containment system, have done so primarily because it most efficiently utilizes the entire volume of a ship's hull. The construction period for an LNG carrier is approximately 28-34 months.
Floating LNG Regasification
Floating LNG Storage and Regasification Vessels
Floating LNG regasification vessels are commonly known as FSRUs. The figure below depicts a FSRU
The FSRU regasification process involves the vaporization of LNG and injection of the resultant natural gas directly into one or more pipelines. In order to regasify LNG, FSRUs are equipped with shell-and-tube vaporizer systems that can operate in the open-loop mode, the closed-loop mode or in both modes. In the open-loop mode, seawater is pumped through the shell-and-tube system to provide the heat necessary to convert the LNG to the vapor phase. In the closed-loop system, a natural gas-fired boiler is used to heat water circulated in a closed-loop through the shell-and-tube vaporizer and a steam heater to convert the LNG to the vapor phase. In general, FSRUs can be divided into four subcategories:
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FSRUs that are permanently located offshore;
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FSRUs that are permanently alongside (with LNG transfer being either directly ship to ship or over a jetty);
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shuttle carriers that regasify and discharge their cargos offshore (sometimes referred to as energy bridge); and
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shuttle carriers that regasify and discharge their cargos alongside.
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Demand for Floating LNG Regasification Facilities
The long-term outlook for global natural gas supply and demand has stimulated growth in LNG production and trade, which is expected to drive a necessary expansion of regasification infrastructure. While worldwide regasification exceeds worldwide liquefaction capacity, a large portion of the existing global regasification capacity is concentrated in a few markets such as Japan, Korea and the U.S. Gulf Coast. There remains a significant demand for regasification infrastructure in growing economies in Asia, Middle-East and South America. We believe that the advantages of FSRUs compared to onshore facilities will make them highly competitive in these markets.
Floating LNG regasification projects first emerged as a solution to the difficulties and protracted nature of obtaining permission to build shore-based LNG reception facilities (especially along the North American coasts). Due to their offshore location, floating facilities are less likely than onshore facilities to be met with resistance in local communities, which is especially important in the case of a facility that is intended to serve a highly populated area where there is a high demand for natural gas. As a result, it is typically easier and faster for FSRUs to obtain necessary permits than for comparable onshore facilities. More recently, cost and time have become the main drivers behind the growing interest in the various types of floating LNG regasification projects.
In addition, the flexibility afforded by floating LNG regasification facilities provide an advantage over onshore facilities. A floating regasification vessel can load, store and regasify LNG before delivering the natural gas to market. It can be operated partially as a conventional trading ship that transports and regasifies its own cargo, or as a mother-ship that processes supplies received by way of ship-to-ship transfers. FSRUs can also be moved to (and operated at) a different location if required, which is particularly beneficial in markets where demand for LNG is seasonal. Additionally, FSRUs offer quicker access to LNG supply for markets that lack onshore regasification infrastructure.
Floating LNG Regasification Vessel Fleet Size and Ownership
Compared to onshore terminals, the floating LNG regasification industry is fairly young. Several companies including Golar as well as Exmar, Excelerate Energy, Mitsui O.S.K. Lines and Höegh LNG are actively pursuing and marketing FSRU terminals to LNG importers around the world. We were the first company to enter into an agreement for the long-term employment of an FSRU with a LNG importer. Our first FSRU, the Golar Spirit, was delivered to Petrobras in September 2008 and is currently operational. Our second FSRU, the Golar Winter, commenced its long-term charter with Petrobras in early September 2009. Our third FSRU, the Golar Freeze, was delivered to DUSUP in May 2010.
As of February 2011, 13 vessels have been built or converted with a further vessel currently undergoing conversion. Of these vessels, two will be fixed to projects in Dubai and Italy, two are dedicated to the two floating regas facilities in Brazil and two are employed on a seasonal basis in Kuwait and Argentina. An additional vessel will be tied to the second Argentine terminal later this year. The rest are currently available for work in shuttle, mother-ship or conventional tanker roles. We intend to convert one of the existing conventional vessels to an FSRU for the West Java terminal with the 125,003 m3 Khannur, built 1977, currently earmarked for the project.
FSRUs can have some potential disadvantages. While FSRUs can have comparable ability to offload cargo from LNG carriers relative to land based terminals, land based terminals typically have greater storage capacity which can facilitate faster cargo offload in a situation when storage tanks are partially full. The storage capacity of an FSRU is typically similar to the volume of an LNG carrier cargo, whereas a land based terminal typically has a higher level of storage. Land based terminals are also potentially better suited for large gas send out capacity requirements in excess of the capacity of the largest FSRUs. Additionally, onshore regasification terminals often incorporate nitrogen injection facilities to ensure that the regasified LNG meets the local heating value standards, while existing FSRUs do not usually have this capability and are, therefore, restricted to destinations with significant pipeline infrastructure carrying a blend of natural gas types, or having nitrogen injection capabilities.
Competition – LNG carriers and FSRUs
While the majority of the existing world LNG carrier fleet is employed on long-term charters, there is competition for the employment of vessels whose charters are expiring and for the employment of vessels which are not dedicated to a long-term contract. Competition for long-term LNG charters is based primarily on price, vessel availability, size, age and condition of the vessel, relationships with LNG carrier users and the quality, LNG experience and reputation of the operator. In addition, vessels may operate in the emerging LNG carrier spot market that covers short-term charters of one year or less where until recently there has been significant competition due to an oversupply of LNG carriers. Recent market developments have seen a considerable tightening in the supply/demand balance leading to a sharp increase in employment and hire rates.
We believe that we are the only independent LNG carrier and FSRU owner and operator that focuses solely on LNG, other independent shipping companies also own and operate LNG carriers and have new vessels under construction including BW Gas Limited, Exmar S.A., Höegh LNG and three Japanese ship owning groups, Mitsui O.S.K. Lines, Nippon Yusen Kaisha and K Line, which traditionally provided LNG shipping services exclusively to Japanese LNG companies, are now aggressively competing in western markets. In addition, new competitors that have recently entered the LNG shipping market include Teekay LNG Partners, L.P., Maran Gas Maritime and Dynagas Ltd of Greece, A P Moller of Denmark, Overseas Shipholding Group of USA and Knutsen O.A.S Shipping AS of Norway. There are other owners who may also attempt to participate in the LNG market if possible.
In addition to independent LNG operators, some of the major oil and gas producers, including Royal Dutch Shell, BP, and BG own LNG carriers and have in the recent past contracted for the construction of new LNG carriers. National gas and shipping companies also have large fleets of LNG vessels that have expanded and will likely continue to expand. These include Malaysian International shipping Company, or MISC, National Gas Shipping Company located in Abu Dhabi and Qatar Gas Transport Company, or Nakilat.
FSRUs are in an early stage of their commercial development and thus there is less competition in that market than in the more mature commercial market of LNG carriers. However, interest in the sector is expected to increase. Currently, the Company, Excelerate Energy, Höegh LNG, Exmar, Mitsui O.S.K. lines and MISC Berhad are among the companies actively competing for FSRU projects. Only Excelerate Energy in conjunction with Exmar, Höegh LNG and us currently own and operate FSRU vessels.
Our Business Strategy
We are one of the world's largest independent owners and operators of LNG carriers with over 35 years of experience and we developed the world's first FSRU based on the conversion of existing LNG carriers. Our strategy is to grow our business and to provide competitive returns to our shareholders with regular dividends while providing safe, reliable and efficient LNG shipping and FSRU service to our customers.
We plan to further grow our LNG shipping and FSRU business and we are developing opportunities to diversify into other areas of the mid-stream LNG supply chain to enhance our margins. Our main focus in our development of further mid-stream LNG business is maritime based and relatively small scale and low cost solutions.
In respect of our shipping operations we intend to build on our relationships with existing customers and continue to develop new relationships. We aim to earn higher margins through maintaining strong service-based relationships combined with flexible and innovative LNG shipping solutions. We will also seek long-term employment for our LNG carriers and our recently ordered newbuildings within integrated LNG projects that we may be involved in and will look to participate in LNG trading opportunities to maximise the utilization and returns from our vessels operating in the spot market.
In 2008, 2009 and 2010 we delivered the world's first, second and third FSRUs that were converted from LNG carriers. We intend to take advantage of our leading position in this relatively new market, as well as our LNG experience and our shipping assets to grow our FSRU business.
In furtherance of our strategy and maximize our business and maximise returns for our shareholders we are actively seeking opportunities to invest upstream and downstream in the LNG supply chain, where our shipping assets and over 35 years of industry experience can add value. We believe we can achieve this aim while at the same time diversifying our sources of income and thereby strengthening the Company.
We are investing in both established LNG operations and technologies and newly developing technologies; including floating regasification operations, floating LNG production and floating power production from natural gas. We expect to continue our focus on these LNG solutions and related shipping services as a major area for our business development.
We established a wholly owned new subsidiary, Golar Commodities which positioned us in the market for managing and trading LNG cargoes. Activities will include structured services to outside customers, physical trading of LNG cargos, proprietary trading as well as trading in its own right. Golar Commodities provides physical and financial risk management in LNG and gas markets for its customers around the world and strives to provide risk management expertise to help customers improve profitability.
In April 2011, we completed an initial public offering of our subsidiary Golar Partners. Golar Partners will be focused on providing FSRU and LNG carrier services under long-term contracts of greater than five years.
Specific projects we are actively pursuing include the following:
In October 2010, we were selected as the successful bidder for the West Java FSRU project and have commenced discussions with Pertamina for the conversion of the Khannur into an FSRU. The FSRU time charter party was signed between the Company and Nusantara Regas (a joint venture between Pertamina and Progress Energy, Inc., or PGN) in April 2011. The project represents the Company's fourth FSRU project and is for a period of approximately 11 years. The project involves the conversion of an LNG carrier, the Khannur, into an FSRU and the provision of associated mooring infrastructure.
We are actively pursuing other similar project opportunities, which include the provision of technical marine and LNG expertise for other technically innovative projects.
Since June 2002, we have been involved in an Italian offshore floating storage and regasification project off the coast of Livorno, Italy. In November 2006, we acquired 20% of shares in OLT-O, at a cost of $5 million. In December 2007, we entered into an agreement with OLT-O for the sale of and conversion into a FSRU of the Golar Frost, for $231 million and the sale was completed in July 2008. In March 2008, OLT-O signed a contract with Saipem S.p.A. for the conversion of the Golar Frost at a cost of €390 million (approximately $500 million) and also signed an agreement with SNAM RETE Gas for the construction of the pipeline connecting the terminal to the national grid. In January 2008, the board of directors of OLT-O agreed a capital increase of €200 million (approximately $260 million). We did not contribute to the capital increase and we have not committed to any further contributions. The current OLT-O shareholding positions are as follows: Group Iride 46.79% (subdivided between Iride Mercato 41.71% and ASA Livorno 5.08%), E.ON Ruhrgas 46.79%, OLT Energy 3.73% and we own 2.69%. The Golar Frost is currently undergoing conversion in Dubai under the contract with Saipem. First commercial gas delivery is expected in 2012.
In 2008, the Company and Bluewater formed a joint venture company Bluewater Gandria for the purposes of bidding to develop an offshore LNG FSRU opportunity with South Africa's national oil company, PetroSA. In connection with this bid, Bluewater Gandria acquired the 1977 built Moss type 126,000 m3 LNG Carrier, Hoegh Gandria (renamed Gandria). The vessel was intended to be used as a converted offshore FSRU. The bid for the offshore LNG FSRU opportunity with PetroSA was not successful. We and Bluewater continue to pursue other opportunities to develop an offshore FSRU project that could potentially utilize the Gandria.
We own a 1.1% ownership interest in TORP Technology AS, or TORP, which we acquired in 2005 at a cost of $3 million. TORP is a Norwegian registered unlisted company, which is involved in the construction of an offshore regasification terminal in the Gulf of Mexico. In December 2010, we identified events and changes in circumstances which indicated the carrying value of its unlisted investment in TORP was not recoverable. We therefore fully impaired our investment in TORP, which resulted in an impairment charge of $3 million in 2010.
In December 2005, we entered into an agreement with The Egyptian Natural Gas Holding Company, or EGAS, and HK Petroleum Services to establish a jointly owned company named Egyptian Company for Gas Services S.A.E., or ECGS, to develop hydrocarbon businesses in Egypt and in particular LNG related businesses. In ECGS, we have 50% of the voting rights, a 45% economic interest in ECGS and we would share in 50% of ECGS's losses. In 2008, the company established administrative offices in Cairo. In addition our activities have been registered with EGAS and Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation, or EGPC, which allows for ECGS to participate and compete in EGAS and EGPC sponsored tenders. In 2009, ECGS was awarded a contract to provide anchor handling and towing services and to support a two well drilling program with options for extension. ECGS continues to make positive progress in developing its capability as a provider of offshore marine services in conjunction with its objective to develop its business foothold in the Egyptian LNG market. The ultimate size of our potential investment has yet to be determined.
In January 2010, we and PTT Exploration and Production Public Company Limited, or PTTEP announced the joint termination of the Heads of Agreement and Joint Study Agreement governing their joint development of a floating liquefied natural gas, or FLNG project based on the gas fields in North West Australia owned by PTTEP. We both announced the termination of a Memorandum of Understanding covering global cooperation to identify and develop FLNG projects.
In 2006, we subscribed for 23 million shares in Liquefied Natural Gas Limited, or LNGL an Australian publicly-listed company at a cost of $8.6 million. We subsequently sold the shares in 2009 and 2010 for cash proceeds of $17.3 million realizing gains of approximately $12.6 million. We are not actively pursuing any participation in LNGL's projects although our original collaboration agreement with LNGL remains in place.
In April 2011, we entered into newbuilding contracts with Samsung for the construction of six newbuild LNG carriers and have options for an additional two vessels. Vessel deliveries are expected in 2013 and 2014.
We will consider the acquisition of new assets through third party acquisition or through newbuilding contracts to support our business expansion.
Seasonality
Historically, LNG trade and therefore charter rates increased in the winter months and eased in the summer months as demand for LNG in the Northern Hemisphere rose in colder weather and fell in warmer weather. The tanker industry in general has become less dependent on the seasonal transport of LNG than a decade ago as new uses for LNG have developed, spreading consumption more evenly over the year. There is a higher seasonal demand during the summer months due to energy requirements for air conditioning in some markets and a pronounced higher seasonal demand during the winter months for heating in other markets.
Customers
We received a substantial majority of our revenue from long-term charter agreements with the following customers, BG, Shell, Pertamina, Petrobras and DUSUP.
Since 1989, we have chartered vessels to Pertamina. Our revenues from Pertamina were $36.9 million (15.0%), $40.4 million (18.0%) and $37.1 million (16.2%) for the years ended 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively. Pertamina currently charters one vessel from us.
Since 2000, we have chartered vessels to BG. Our revenues from BG were $49.1 million (20.0%), $61.3 million (27.0%), and $75.1 million (33.0%) for the years ended 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively. BG currently charters one vessel from us.
Since 2006, we have chartered vessels to Shell. Our revenues from Shell were $25.4 million (10.3%), $45.6 million (20.0%) and $85.3 million (37.3%) for the years ended 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively. Our vessel charter with Shell expires in 2011.
Since July 2008, we have chartered vessels to Petrobras under 10-year charters. Our revenues from Petrobras for the years ended 2010 and 2009 were $90.6 million (37.0%) and $61.3 million (27.0%) respectively. Petrobras currently charters two vessels from us.
We continue to develop relationships with other major players in the LNG industry and with new customers.
Our Fleet
Current Fleet
As of March 31, 2011, we operated a fleet of 12 vessels, consisting of eight LNG carriers, four FSRU's and and a 50% equity interest in another vessel. Our current fleet represents approximately 5% of the worldwide LNG carrier fleet (of vessels larger than 100,000 cbm) by number. We lease three LNG carriers under long-term financial leases, we own eight vessels and we have a 60% ownership interest in another LNG carrier through a joint arrangement with the Chinese Petroleum Corporation, the Taiwanese state oil and gas company.
The following table lists the LNG carriers in our current fleet:
Vessel Name
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Year of
Delivery
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Capacity cbm.
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Flag
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Type
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Charterer
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Current Charter Expiration
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Charter Extension Options
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Hilli
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1975
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125,000
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MI
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Moss
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n/a (1)
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n/a
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n/a
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Gimi
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1976
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125,000
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MI
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Moss
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n/a (1)
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n/a
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n/a
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Golar Freeze
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1977
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125,000
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MI
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Moss
(FSRU (2) )
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DUSUP
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2020
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Terms extending up to 2025
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Khannur
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1977
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125,000
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MI
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Moss
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Nusantara Regas (3)
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2021
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2026
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Golar Spirit
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1981
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128,000
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MI
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Moss
(FSRU (2) )
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Petrobras
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2018
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A three-year term and an additional two-year term
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Golar Mazo (4)
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2000
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135,000
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LIB
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Moss
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Pertamina
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2017
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Two additional five-year terms
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Methane Princess (6)
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2003
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138,000
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MI
|
Membrane
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BG
|
2024
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Two additional five-year terms
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Golar Winter (6)
|
2004
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138,000
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MI
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Membrane
(FSRU (2) )
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Petrobras
|
2019
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A three-year term and an additional two-year term
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Golar Viking
|
2005
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140,000
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MI
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Membrane
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Qatar Gas Transport
(Nikilat)
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2012
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n/a
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Golar Grand (6)
|
2006
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145,700
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MI
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Membrane
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Gas Natural
|
2012
|
n/a
|
Golar Maria
|
2006
|
145,700
|
MI
|
Membrane
|
Qatar Gas Transport
(Nikilat)
|
2012
|
n/a
|
Golar Arctic
|
2003
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140,000
|
MI
|
Membrane
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BP
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2012
|
n/a
|
Gandria (5)
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1977
|
126,000
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NIS
|
Moss
|
n/a(1)
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n/a
|
n/a
|
Key to Flags:
LIB – Liberian, MI – Marshall Islands, NIS – Netherlands Antilles
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(1)
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Currently, the Hilli and the Gandria are layed-up in Labuan, Malaysia and the Gimi is layed up in Haugesund, Norway
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(2)
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In 2008, we entered into an agreement to convert the Golar Freeze into a FSRU. Following its delivery to us in the second quarter of 2010, the Golar Freeze has now commenced a 10-year time charter with DUSUP.
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(3)
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Nusantara Regas is a joint venture between Pertamina and PGN. The final charter party contract was signed with Golar in April 2011
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(4)
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We have a 60% ownership interest in the Golar Mazo with the remaining 40% owned by Chinese Petroleum Corporation.
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(5)
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In connection with our joint venture Bluewater Gandria we have a 50% equity interest in the Gandria with the remaining 50% owned by Bluewater.
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(6)
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We have entered into lease financing arrangements in respect of three of our vessels, the Golar Grand, the Golar Winter and the Methane Princess, which are classified as capital leases. Under these arrangements, we borrow under term loans and deposit the proceeds into restricted cash accounts. These restricted cash deposits, plus the interest earned on those deposits, equal the approximate remaining amounts we owe under the capital lease arrangements. When we enter into capital leases for our vessels, the vessels are recorded as assets on our balance sheet.
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Our Charters
Our vessels transport LNG from and to various facilities around the world and provide FSRU services. Four of our vessels, the Golar Viking, the Golar Grand, the Golar Maria and the Golar Arctic, are on short-term charters. Three of our vessels, the Hilli, the Gandria and the Gimi are layed-up. The remaining six vessels are on or are scheduled to be on long-term charters.
The Long-Term Charters
The Golar Mazo, which we jointly own with the Chinese Petroleum Corporation, transports LNG from Indonesia to Taiwan under an 18-year time charter with Pertamina, the state owned oil and gas company of Indonesia. The contract expires at the end of 2017. Pertamina has options to extend the Golar Mazo charter for two additional periods of five years each.
The Methane Princess is currently under a long-term charter with BG to transport LNG worldwide. The contract expires in 2024. BG has the option to extend the Methane Princess charter for two, five-year periods.
The Golar Spirit and the Golar Winter are currently under long-term charters with Petrobras to provide FSRU services. These contracts expire in 2018 and 2017, respectively. Petrobras has the option to purchase the vessel(s) after the second anniversary of delivery to Petrobras and they also have the option to terminate the charter after the fifth anniversary of delivery to Petrobras for a termination fee. Petrobras has the option to extend the charter period for both vessels for up to five years.
The Golar Freeze is currently under a long-term charter with DUSUP to provide FSRU services. The contract expires in 2020. DUSUP has an option to terminate the charter in 2015 upon payment of a termination fee. DUSUP also has the option to extend this charter until October 2025.
The long-term charters for the Khannur and Gimi expired in 2010. The Gimi and Hilli and our 50% equity interest in the Gandria are currently layed-up and all three of these vessels are LNG carriers and are considered by us as candidates for conversion for FSRU projects. The Khannur having recently been awarded the FSRU project in West Java has recently commenced its FSRU conversion at the shipyard in Singapore and is expected to commence its long-term charter upon redelivery in 2012.
The Short-Term Charters
The Golar Arctic, Golar Maria, Golar Viking and Golar Grand are all on short-term charters of between 12 and 18 months all ending during 2012.
Our charterers may suspend their payment obligations under the charter agreements for periods when the vessels are not able to transport cargo for various reasons. These periods, which are also called off-hire periods, may result from, among other causes, mechanical breakdown or other accidents, the inability of the crew to operate the vessel, the arrest or other detention of the vessel as the result of a claim against us, or the cancellation of the vessel's class certification. The charters automatically terminate in the event of the loss of a vessel.
Golar Management Limited and Ship Management
Golar Management Limited, or Golar Management, a wholly owned subsidiary of ours which has offices in London and Oslo provides commercial, operational and technical support and supervision and accounting and treasury services to us.
Since February 2005, Golar Management has subcontracted to internationally recognized third party ship management companies the day-to-day vessel management activities including routine maintenance and repairs; arranging supply of stores and equipment; ensuring compliance with applicable regulations, including licensing and certification requirements and engagement and provision of qualified crews. Ultimate responsibility for the management of our vessels, however, remains with Golar Management.
For the first nine months of 2010, we subcontracted the management of our vessels to Thome Ship Management (Singapore), or Thome and Wilhelmsen Ship Management (Norway). In September 2010, Golar Wilhelmsen Management, or GWM was established as a joint venture between the company (60%) and Wilhelmsen (40%). GWM office staff consists of existing Wilhelmsen Ship Management personnel and Golar employees. The office is located at Wilhelmsen office facilities at Lysaker close to Oslo. The four vessels managed by Thome were transferred to GWM in the fourth quarter of 2010.
Vessel Maintenance
We are focused on operating and maintaining our LNG carriers to the highest safety and industry standards and at the same time maximizing revenue from each vessel. It is our policy to have our crews perform planned maintenance on our vessels while underway, to reduce time required for repairs during drydocking. This will reduce the overall off-hire period required for dockings and repairs. Since we generally do not earn hire from a vessel while it is in drydocking we believe that the additional revenue earned from reduced off-hire periods outweighs the expense of the additional crewmembers or subcontractors.
Insurance
The operation of any vessel, including LNG carriers and FSRUs, has inherent risks. These risks include mechanical failure, personal injury, collision, property loss, vessel or cargo loss or damage and business interruption due to political circumstances in foreign countries and/or war risk situations or hostilities. In addition, there is always an inherent possibility of marine disaster, including explosion, spills and other environmental mishaps, and the liabilities arising from owning and operating vessels in international trade.
We believe that our present insurance coverage is adequate to protect us against the accident related risks involved in the conduct of our business and that we maintain appropriate levels of environmental damage and pollution insurance coverage consistent with standard industry practice. However, not all risks can be insured, and there can be no guarantee that any specific claim will be paid, or that we will always be able to obtain adequate insurance coverage at reasonable rates.
Our insurers treat the FSRUs as vessels and the term "vessel" also covers FSRUs in the following.
We have obtained hull and machinery insurance on all our vessels against marine and war risks, which include the risks of damage to our vessels, salvage or towing costs, and also insure against actual or constructive total loss of any of our vessels. However, our insurance policies contain deductible amounts for which we will be responsible. We have also arranged additional total loss coverage for each vessel. This coverage, which is called hull interest and freight interest coverage, provides us additional coverage in the event of the total loss of a vessel.
We have also obtained loss of hire insurance to protect us against loss of income in the event one of our vessels cannot be employed due to damage that is covered under the terms of our hull and machinery insurance. Under our loss of hire policies, our insurer will pay us the daily rate agreed in respect of each vessel for each day, in excess of a certain number of deductible days, for the time that the vessel is out of service as a result of damage, for a maximum of 240 days. The number of deductible days varies from 14 days for the new ships to 30 days for the older ships, also depending on the type of damage; machinery or hull damage.
Protection and indemnity insurance, which covers our third-party legal liabilities in connection with our shipping activities, is provided by a mutual protection and indemnity association, or P&I club. This includes third-party liability and other expenses related to the injury or death of crew members, passengers and other third-party persons, loss or damage to cargo, claims arising from collisions with other vessels or from contact with jetties or wharves and other damage to other third-party property, including pollution arising from oil or other substances, and other related costs, including wreck removal. Subject to the capping discussed below, our coverage, except for pollution, is unlimited.
Our current protection and indemnity insurance coverage for pollution is $1 billion per vessel per incident. The thirteen P&I clubs that comprise the International Group of Protection and Indemnity Clubs insure approximately 90% of the world's commercial tonnage and have entered into a pooling agreement to reinsure each association's liabilities. Each P&I club has capped its exposure in this pooling agreement so that the maximum claim covered by the pool and its reinsurance would be approximately $5.45 billion per accident or occurrence. We are a member of Gard and Skuld P&I Clubs. As a member of these P&I clubs, we are subject to a call for additional premiums based on the clubs' claims record, as well as the claims record of all other members of the P&I clubs comprising the International Group. However, our P&I clubs have reinsured the risk of additional premium calls to limit our additional exposure. This reinsurance is subject to a cap, and there is the risk that the full amount of the additional call would not be covered by this reinsurance.
For our operating FSRUs we have, due to formulations in their Time Charter Party contracts, also placed Comprehensive General Liability ("CGL") insurance. This type of insurance is common for offshore operations and is additional to the P&I insurance. Our cover under the CGL insurance is $150 million per unit for Golar Spirit and Golar Winter and $15 million for Golar Freeze.
Environmental and Other Regulations
General
Governmental and international agencies extensively regulate the carriage, handling, storage and regasification of LNG. These regulations include international conventions and national, state and local laws and regulations in the countries where our vessels now or, in the future, will operate or where our vessels are registered. We cannot predict the ultimate cost of complying with these regulations, or the impact that these regulations will have on the resale value or useful lives of our vessels. In addition, any serious marine incident that results in significant oil pollution or otherwise causes significant adverse environmental impact, including the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, could result in additional legislation or regulation that could negatively affect our profitability. Various governmental and quasi-governmental agencies require us to obtain permits, licenses and certificates for the operation of our vessels.
Although we believe that we are substantially in compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations and have all permits, licenses and certificates required for our vessels, future non-compliance or failure to maintain necessary permits or approvals could require us to incur substantial costs or temporarily suspend operation of one or more of our vessels. A variety of governmental and private entities inspect our vessels on both a scheduled and unscheduled basis. These entities, each of which may have unique requirements and each of which conducts frequent inspections, include local port authorities, such as the U.S. Coast Guard, harbor master or equivalent, classification societies, flag state, or the administration of the country of registry, charterers, terminal operators and LNG producers. We expect that our FSRUs will also be subject to inspection by these governmental and private entities on both a scheduled and unscheduled basis.
GWM our Ship Manager, is operating in compliance with the International Standards Organization, or ISO, Environmental Standard for the management of the significant environmental aspects associated with the ownership and operation of a fleet of LNG carriers, and is in the process of receiving certification to the ISO Environmental Standard. This certification requires that we and GWM commit managerial resources to act on our environmental policy through an effective management system.
International Maritime Regulations of LNG Vessels
The IMO is the United Nations agency that provides international regulations governing shipping and international maritime trade. The requirements contained in the International Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and for Pollution Prevention, or the ISM Code, promulgated by the IMO, govern our operations. Among other requirements, the ISM Code requires the party with operational control of a vessel to develop an extensive safety management system that includes, among other things, the adoption of a policy for safety and environmental protection policy setting forth instructions and procedures for operating its vessels safely and also describing procedures for responding to emergencies. Our Ship Manager holds a Document of Compliance under the ISM Code for operation of Gas Carriers.
Vessels that transport gas, including LNG carriers and FSRUs, are also subject to regulation under the International Gas Carrier Code, or the IGC Code, published by the IMO. The IGC Code provides a standard for the safe carriage of LNG and certain other liquid gases by prescribing the design and construction standards of vessels involved in such carriage. Compliance with the IGC Code must be evidenced by a Certificate of Fitness for the Carriage of Liquefied Gases of Bulk. Each of our vessels is in compliance with the IGC Code and each of our newbuilding/conversion contracts requires that the vessel receive certification that it is in compliance with applicable regulations before it is delivered. Non-compliance with the IGC Code or other applicable IMO regulations may subject a shipowner or a bareboat charterer to increased liability, may lead to decreases in available insurance coverage for affected vessels and may result in the denial of access to, or detention in, some ports.
The IMO also promulgates ongoing amendments to the international convention for the Safety of Life at Sea 1974 and its protocol of 1988, otherwise known as SOLAS. SOLAS provides rules for the construction of and equipment required for commercial vessels and includes regulations for safe operation. It requires the provision of lifeboats and other life-saving appliances, requires the use of the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System which is an international radio equipment and watchkeeping standard, afloat and at shore stations, and relates to the Treaty on the Standards of Training and Certification of Watchkeeping Officers, or STCW, also promulgated by the IMO. Flag states that have ratified SOLAS and STCW generally employ the classification societies, which have incorporated SOLAS and STCW requirements into their class rules, to undertake surveys to confirm compliance.
SOLAS and other IMO regulations concerning safety, including those relating to treaties on training of shipboard personnel, lifesaving appliances, radio equipment and the global maritime distress and safety system, are applicable to our operations. Non-compliance with these types of IMO regulations may subject us to increased liability or penalties, may lead to decreases in available insurance coverage for affected vessels and may result in the denial of access to or detention in some ports. For example, the U.S. Coast Guard and European Union authorities have indicated that vessels not in compliance with the ISM Code will be prohibited from trading in U.S. and European Union ports.
In the wake of increased worldwide security concerns, the IMO amended SOLAS and added the ISPS Code as a new chapter to that convention. The objective of the ISPS, which came into effect on July 1, 2004, is to detect security threats and take preventive measures against security incidents affecting ships or port facilities. Our Ship Manager has developed Security Plans, appointed and trained Ship and Office Security Officers and all of our vessels have been certified to meet the ISPS Code. See "Vessel Security Regulations" for a more detailed discussion about these requirements.
The IMO continues to review and introduce new regulations. It is impossible to predict what additional regulations, if any, may be passed by the IMO and what effect, if any, such regulation may have on our operations.
Air Emissions
The International Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Ships, or MARPOL, is the principal international convention negotiated by the IMO governing marine pollution prevention and response. MARPOL imposes environmental standards on the shipping industry relating to oil spills, management of garbage, the handling and disposal of noxious liquids, sewage and air emissions. MARPOL 73/78 Annex VI "Regulations for the prevention of Air Pollution," or Annex VI, entered into force on May 19, 2005, and applies to all ships, fixed and floating drilling rigs and other floating platforms. Annex VI sets limits on sulfur oxide and nitrogen oxide emissions from ship exhausts, emissions of volatile compounds from cargo tanks, incineration of specific substances, and prohibits deliberate emissions of ozone depleting substances. Annex VI also includes a global cap on sulfur content of fuel oil and allows for special areas to be established with more stringent controls on sulfur emissions. The certification requirements for Annex VI depend on size of the vessel and time of periodical classification survey. Ships weighing more than 400 gross tons and engaged in international voyages involving countries that have ratified the conventions, or ships flying the flag of those countries, are required to have an International Air Pollution Certificate (or an IAPP Certificate). Annex VI came into force in the United States on January 8, 2009. As of the current date, all our ships delivered or drydocked since May 19, 2005 have all been issued with IAPP Certificates.
In March 2006, the IMO amended Annex I to MARPOL, including a new regulation relating to oil fuel tank protection, which became effective August 1, 2007. The new regulation applies to various ships delivered on or after August 1, 2010. It includes requirements for the protected location of the fuel tanks, performance standards for accidental oil fuel outflow, a tank capacity limit and certain other maintenance, inspection and engineering standards. IMO regulations also require owners and operators of vessels to adopt Ship Oil Pollution Emergency Plans. Periodic training and drills for response personnel and for vessels and their crews are required.
On July 1, 2010, amendments proposed by the United States, Norway and other IMO member states to Annex VI to the MARPOL Convention took effect that require progressively stricter limitations on sulfur emissions from ships. In Emission Control Areas, or ECAs, limitations on sulfur emissions require that fuels contain no more than 1% sulfur. Beginning on January 1, 2012, fuel used to power ships may contain no more than 3.5% sulfur. This cap will then decrease progressively until it reaches 0.5% by January 1, 2020. The amendments all establish new tiers of stringent nitrogen oxide emissions standards for new marine engines, depending on their date of installation. The European directive 2005/33/EU, which is effective from January 1, 2010, bans the use of fuel oils containing more than 0.1% sulfur by mass by any merchant vessel while at berth in any EU country. Our vessels have achieved compliance, where necessary, by being arranged to burn gas only in their boilers when alongside. Low sulfur marine diesel oil (or LSDO) has been purchased as the only fuel for the Diesel Generators. In addition we are in the process modifying the boilers on some of our vessels to also allow operation on LSDO.
Additionally, more stringent emission standards could apply in coastal areas designated as ECAs, such as the United States and Canadian coastal areas designated by the IMO's Marine Environment Protection Committee, as discussed in "—U.S. Clean Air Act" below. U.S. air emissions standards are now equivalent to these amended Annex VI requirements, and once these amendments become effective, we may incur costs to comply with these revised standards. Additional or new conventions, laws and regulations may be adopted that could require the installation of expensive emission control systems. Because our vessels are largely powered by means other than fuel oil we do not anticipate that any emission limits that may be promulgated will require us to incur any material costs for the operation of our vessels but that possibility cannot be eliminated.
Ballast Water Management Convention
The IMO has negotiated international conventions that impose liability for pollution in international waters and the territorial waters of the signatories to such conventions. For example, IMO adopted an International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments, or the BWM Convention, in February 2004. The BWM Convention's implementing regulations call for a phased introduction of mandatory ballast water exchange requirements, to be replaced in time with mandatory concentration limits. The BWM Convention will not become effective until 12 months after it has been adopted by 30 states, the combined merchant fleets of which represent not less than 35% of the gross tonnage of the world's merchant shipping. The Convention has not yet entered into force because a sufficient number of states have failed to adopt it. The U.S. Coast Guard is also expected to finalize ballast water management rules in April 2011, and we may face additional costs in complying with these rules. Under the requirements of the BWM Convention for units with ballast water capacity more than 5000 cubic meters that were constructed in 2011 or before, ballast water management exchange or treatment will be accepted until 2016. From 2016 (or not later than the first intermediate or renewal survey after 2016), only ballast water treatment will be accepted by the Convention. If ballast water treatment requirements become mandatory, the cost of compliance could increase for ocean carriers, and these costs may be material.
Bunkers Convention / CLC State Certificate
The International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution 2001, or the Bunker Convention, entered into force in State Parties to the Convention on November 21, 2008. The Convention provides a liability, compensation and compulsory insurance system for the victims of oil pollution damage caused by spills of bunker oil. The Convention makes the ship owner liable to pay compensation for pollution damage (including the cost of preventive measures) caused in the territory, including the territorial sea of a State Party, as well as its economic zone or equivalent area. Registered owners of any sea going vessel and seaborne craft over 1,000 gross tonnage, of any type whatsoever, and registered in a State Party, or entering or leaving a port in the territory of a State Party, will be required to maintain insurance which meets the requirements of the Convention and to obtain a certificate issued by a State Party attesting that such insurance is in force. The State issued certificate must be carried on board at all times.
P&I Clubs in the International Group issue the required Bunkers Convention "Blue Cards" to enable signatory states to issue certificates. All of our vessels have received "Blue Cards" from their P&I Club and are in possession of a CLC State-issued certificate attesting that the required insurance cover is in force.
The flag state, as defined by the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea, has overall responsibility for the implementation and enforcement of international maritime regulations for all ships granted the right to fly its flag. The "Shipping Industry Guidelines on Flag State Performance" evaluates flag states based on factors such as sufficiency of infrastructure, ratification of international maritime treaties, implementation and enforcement of international maritime regulations, supervision of surveys, casualty investigations and participation at the IMO meetings.
United States Environmental Regulation of LNG Vessels
Our vessels operating in U.S. waters now or, in the future, will be subject to various federal, state and local laws and regulations lating to protection of the environment. In some cases, these laws and regulations require us to obtain governmental permits and authorizations before we may conduct certain activities. These environmental laws and regulations may impose substantial penalties for noncompliance and substantial liabilities for pollution. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations may result in substantial civil and criminal fines and penalties. As with the industry generally, our operations will entail risks in these areas, and compliance with these laws and regulations, which may be subject to frequent revisions and reinterpretation, increases our overall cost of business.
Oil Pollution Act and CERCLA
OPA 90 established an extensive regulatory and liability regime for environmental protection and clean up of oil spills. OPA 90 affects all owners and operators whose vessels trade with the United States or its territories or possessions, or whose vessels operate in the waters of the United States, which include the U.S. territorial waters and the 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone of the United States. CERCLA applies to the discharge of hazardous substances whether on land or at sea. While OPA 90 and CERCLA would not apply to the discharge of LNG, they may affect us because we carry oil as fuel and lubricants for our engines, and the discharge of these could cause an environmental hazard. Under OPA 90, vessel operators, including vessel owners, managers and bareboat or "demise" charterers, are "responsible parties" who are all liable regardless of fault, individually and as a group, for all containment and clean-up costs and other damages arising from oil spills from their vessels. These "responsible parties" would not be liable if the spill results solely from the act or omission of a third party, an act of God or an act of war. The other damages aside from clean-up and containment costs are defined broadly to include:
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natural resource damages and related assessment costs;
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real and personal property damages;
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net loss of taxes, royalties, rents, profits or earnings capacity;
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net cost of public services necessitated by a spill response, such as protection from fire, safety or health hazards; and
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loss of subsistence use of natural resources.
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Effective July 31, 2009, the U.S. Coast Guard adjusted the limits of OPA liability to the greater of $2,000 per gross ton or $17.088 million for any double-hull tanker that is over 3,000 gross tons (subject to possible adjustment for inflation) (relevant to the Company's LNG carriers). These limits of liability do not apply, however, where the incident is caused by violation of applicable U.S. federal safety, construction or operating regulations, or by the responsible party's gross negligence or willful misconduct. These limits likewise do not apply if the responsible party fails or refuses to report the incident or to cooperate and assist in connection with the substance removal activities. OPA 90 specifically permits individual states to impose their own liability regimes with regard to oil pollution incidents occurring within their boundaries, and some states have enacted legislation providing for unlimited liability for discharge of pollutants within their waters. In some cases, states, which have enacted their own legislation, have not yet issued implementing regulations defining shipowners' responsibilities under these laws.
CERCLA, which also applies to owners and operators of vessels, contains a similar liability regime and provides for cleanup, removal and natural resource damages for releases of "hazardous substances." Liability under CERCLA is limited to the greater of $300 per gross ton or $0.5 million for each release from vessels not carrying hazardous substances as cargo or residue, and $300 per gross ton or $5 million for each release from vessels carrying hazardous substances as cargo or residue. As with OPA 90, these limits of liability do not apply where the incident is caused by violation of applicable U.S. federal safety, construction or operating regulations, or by the responsible party's gross negligence or willful misconduct or if the responsible party fails or refuses to report the incident or to cooperate and assist in connection with the substance removal activities. OPA 90 and CERCLA each preserve the right to recover damages under existing law, including maritime tort law. We believe that we are in substantial compliance with OPA 90, CERCLA and all applicable state regulations in the ports where our vessels call.
OPA 90 requires owners and operators of vessels to establish and maintain with the U.S. Coast Guard evidence of financial responsibility sufficient to meet the limit of their potential strict liability under OPA 90/CERCLA. Under the regulations, evidence of financial responsibility may be demonstrated by insurance, surety bond, self-insurance or guaranty. Under OPA 90 regulations, an owner or operator of more than one vessel is required to demonstrate evidence of financial responsibility for the entire fleet in an amount equal only to the financial responsibility requirement of the vessel having the greatest maximum liability under OPA 90/CERCLA. Each of our shipowning subsidiaries that has vessels trading in U.S. waters has applied for, and obtained from the
U.S. Coast Guard National Pollution Funds Center, three-year certificates of financial responsibility, supported by guarantees which we purchased from an insurance based provider. We believe that we will be able to continue to obtain the requisite guarantees and that we will continue to be granted certificates of financial responsibility from the U.S. Coast Guard for each of our vessels that is required to have one.
In response to the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill, the U.S. Congress is currently considering a number of bills that could potentially increase or even eliminate the limits of liability under OPA 90. Compliance with any new requirements of OPA 90 may substantially impact our cost of operations or require us to incur additional expenses to comply with any new regulatory initiatives or statutes. Additional legislation or regulation applicable to the operation of our vessels that may be implemented in the future as a result of the 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico could adversely affect our business and ability to make distributions to our unitholders.
Clean Water Act
The United States Clean Water Act, or CWA, prohibits the discharge of oil or hazardous substances in United States navigable waters unless authorized by a permit or exemption, and imposes strict liability in the form of penalties for unauthorized discharges. The CWA also imposes substantial liability for the costs of removal, remediation and damages and complements the remedies available under OPA and CERCLA. Furthermore, most U.S. states that border a navigable waterway have enacted environmental pollution laws that impose strict liability on a person for removal costs and damages resulting from a discharge of oil or a release of a hazardous substance. These laws may be more stringent than U.S. federal law. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, or the EPA, regulates the discharge of ballast water and other substances in U.S. waters under the CWA. Effective February 6, 2009, EPA regulations require vessels 79 feet in length or longer (other than commercial fishing and recreational vessels) to comply with a Vessel General Permit authorizing ballast water discharges and other discharges incidental to the operation of vessels. The Vessel General Permit imposes technology and water-quality based effluent limits for certain types of discharges and establishes specific inspection, monitoring, recordkeeping and reporting requirements to ensure the effluent limits are met. U.S. Coast Guard regulations adopted and proposed for adoption under the U.S. National Invasive Species Act, or NISA, also impose mandatory ballast water management practices for all vessels equipped with ballast water tanks entering or operating in U.S. waters. Compliance with the EPA and the U.S. Coast Guard regulations could require the installation of equipment on our vessels to treat ballast water before it is discharged or the implementation of other port facility disposal arrangements or procedures at potentially substantial cost, and/or otherwise restrict our vessels from entering U.S. waters.
Clean Air Act
The U.S. Clean Air Act of 1970, as amended, or the CAA, requires the EPA to promulgate standards applicable to emissions of volatile organic compounds and other air contaminants. Our vessels are subject to vapor control and recovery requirements for certain cargoes when loading, unloading, ballasting, cleaning and conducting other operations in regulated port areas and emission standards for so-called "Category 3" marine diesel engines operating in U.S. waters. The marine diesel engine emission standards are currently limited to new engines beginning with the 2004 model year. On April 30, 2010, the EPA promulgated final emission standards for Category 3 marine diesel engines equivalent to those adopted in the amendments to Annex VI to MARPOL. The emission standards apply in two stages: near-term standards for newly-built engines will apply from 2011, and long-term standards requiring an 80% reduction in nitrogen dioxides, or NOx, will apply from 2016. Compliance with these standards may cause us to incur costs to install control equipment on our vessels in the future.
Regulation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
The IMO is evaluating mandatory measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping, which may include market-based instruments or a carbon tax. The European Union has indicated that it intends to propose an expansion of the existing European Union emissions trading scheme to include emissions of greenhouse gases from marine vessels. In the United States, the EPA has issued a proposed finding that greenhouse gases threaten the public health and safety. In addition, climate change initiatives are being considered in the U.S. Congress. Any passage of climate control legislation or other regulatory initiatives by the IMO, EU, the U.S. or other countries where we operate, or any treaty adopted at the international level to succeed the Kyoto Protocol, that restrict emissions of greenhouse gases could require us to make significant financial expenditures that we cannot predict with certainty at this time.
Vessel Security Regulations
Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, there have been a variety of initiatives intended to enhance vessel security. On November 25, 2002, the Maritime Transportation Act of 2002, or MTSA, came into effect. To implement certain portions of the MTSA, in July 2003, the U.S. Coast Guard issued regulations requiring the implementation of certain security requirements aboard vessels operating in waters subject to the jurisdiction of the United States. Similarly, in December 2002, amendments to SOLAS created a new chapter of the convention dealing specifically with maritime security. The new chapter became effective in July 2004 and imposes various detailed security obligations on vessels and port authorities, most of which are contained in the ISPS Code. The ISPS Code is designed to protect ports and international shipping against terrorism. After July 1, 2004, to trade internationally, a vessel must attain an International Ship Security Certificate, or ISSC, from a recognized security organization approved by the vessel's flag state.
Among the various requirements are:
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on-board installation of automatic identification systems to provide a means for the automatic transmission of safety-related information from among similarly equipped ships and shore stations, including information on a ship's identity, position, course, speed and navigational status;
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on-board installation of ship security alert systems, which do not sound on the vessel but only alerts the authorities on shore;
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the development of vessel security plans;
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ship identification number to be permanently marked on a vessel's hull;
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a continuous synopsis record kept onboard showing a vessel's history including, the name of the ship and of the state whose flag the ship is entitled to fly, the date on which the ship was registered with that state, the ship's identification number, the port at which the ship is registered and the name of the registered owner(s) and their registered address; and
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compliance with flag state security certification requirements.
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The U.S. Coast Guard regulations, intended to align with international maritime security standards, exempt non-U.S. vessels from obtaining U.S. Coast Guard-approved MTSA vessel security plans provided such vessels have on board an ISSC that attests to the vessel's compliance with SOLAS security requirements and the ISPS Code.
Our vessel managers have developed Security Plans, appointed and trained Ship and Office Security Officers and each of our vessels in our fleet complies with the requirements of the ISPS Code, SOLAS and the MTSA.
Other Regulation
Our LNG vessels may also become subject to the 2010 HNS Convention, if it is entered into force. The Convention creates a regime of liability and compensation for damage from hazardous and noxious substances (or HNS), including liquefied gases. The 2010 HNS Convention sets up a two-tier system of compensation composed of compulsory insurance taken out by shipowners and an HNS Fund which comes into play when the insurance is insufficient to satisfy a claim or does not cover the incident. Under the 2010 HNS Convention, if damage is caused by bulk HNS, claims for compensation will first be sought from the shipowner up to a maximum of 100 million Special Drawing Rights (or SDR). If the damage is caused by packaged HNS or by both bulk and packaged HNS, the maximum liability is 115 million SDR. Once the limit is reached, compensation will be paid from the HNS Fund up to a maximum of 250 million SDR. The 2010 HNS Convention has not been ratified by a sufficient number of countries to enter into force, and we cannot estimate the costs that may be needed to comply with any such requirements that may be adopted with any certainty at this time.
Inspection by Classification Societies
Every large, commercial seagoing vessel must be "classed" by a classification society. A classification society certifies that a vessel is "in class," signifying that the vessel has been built and maintained in accordance with the rules of the vessel's country of registry and the international conventions of which that country is a member. In addition, where surveys are required by international conventions and corresponding laws and ordinances of a flag state, the classification society will undertake them on application or by official order, acting on behalf of the authorities concerned.
Our FSRUs are "classed" as vessels and have obtained the additional class notation REGAS-2 signifying that the regasification installations are designed and approved for continuous operation. The reference to "vessels" in the following, also apply to our FSRUs. For maintenance of the class certificate, regular and special surveys of hull, machinery, including the electrical plant and any special equipment classed, are required to be performed by the classification society, to ensure continuing compliance. Vessels are drydocked at least once during a five-year class cycle for inspection of the underwater parts and for repairs related to inspections. If any defects are found, the classification surveyor will issue a "recommendation" which must be rectified by the shipowner within prescribed time limits. The classification society also undertakes on request of the flag state other surveys and checks that are required by the regulations and requirements of that flag state. These surveys are subject to agreements made in each individual case and/or to the regulations of the country concerned.
Most insurance underwriters make it a condition for insurance coverage that a vessel be certified as "in class" by a classification society, which is a member of the International Association of Classification Societies. All of our vessels have been certified as being "in class." The Golar Mazo and Golar Arctic is certified by Lloyds Register, and our other vessels are each certified by Det Norske Veritas. Both being members of the International Association of Classification Societies.
In-House Inspections
Our ship manager carries out inspections of the ships on a regular basis; both at sea and while the vessels are in port, while we carry out inspection and ship audits to verify conformity with manager's reports. The results of these inspections, which are conducted both in port and underway, result in a report containing recommendations for improvements to the overall condition of the vessel, maintenance, safety and crew welfare. Based in part on these evaluations, we create and implement a program of continual maintenance for our vessels and their systems.
C. Organizational Structure
See the section of this annual report entitled Item 19, "Exhibits - Exhibit 8.1" for a list of our significant subsidiaries.
D. Property, Plant and Equipment
For information on our fleet, please see the section of this item entitled "Our Fleet."
We do not own any interest in real property. We sublease approximately 7,000 square feet of office space in London for our ship management operations.
ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS
A. Operating Results
Overview and Background
The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the sections of this annual report entitled Item 3, "Key Information – Selected Financial Data," Item 4, "Information on the Company" and our audited financial statements and notes thereto. Our financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. This discussion includes forward-looking statements based on assumptions about our future business. Please read the section of this annual report entitled "Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward Looking Statements" for more information. You should also review the section of this annual report entitled Item 3, "Key Information - Risk Factors" for a discussion of important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements.
Market Overview and Trends
Our principal focus and expertise is the transportation and regasification of LNG and liquefaction of natural gas. We are engaged in the acquisition, ownership, operation and chartering of LNG carriers and FSRUs through our subsidiaries and the development of liquefaction projects. As of April 2011, our fleet consisted of 12 vessels and a 50% equity interest in a further LNG carrier. Our full fleet list is provided in Item 4.D, "Information on the Company - Our Fleet".
The short term chartering market or the "spot" market for LNG vessels over the last five years has been highly volatile resulting significant variability in our earnings. Total operating costs for off-hire LNG carriers are significantly higher than in other shipping markets due to high fuel consumption during idling, cool down requirements and positioning and repositioning costs.
Rates payable in the market for LNG carriers have been uncertain and volatile as has the supply and demand for LNG carriers. In the period from 2004, the supply of vessels in excess of demand negatively impacted our results, however this oversupply has reduced during the second half of 2010 and into 2011 and we expect the market to maintain an improved supply/demand balance for most of 2011. However there is some tendency towards a seasonal trend in that rates earned in the summer months tend to be lower, due to lower demand, than rates earned in the winter. We cannot be sure this will continue in the future. The market for trading LNG cargos is highly volatile and is highly dependent upon the supply and demand for LNG and LNG carriers.
We have entered into agreements to time charter four of our modern LNG carriers for periods of between 12 and 18 months to various charterers. The commencement of the different charters ranges from February 2011 to April 2011.
One of our vessels, Khannur, is currently undergoing conversion to a FSRU for the provision of the West Java Floating Storage Regasification Terminal. The duration of the contract is until the end of 2022 and further provides automatic extension options to 2025, subject to certain contract terms.
We currently have two vessels, the Hilli and Gimi and a third vessel, our 50% equity interest vessel, the Gandria, not committed to contracts for the balance of 2011. These vessels are currently in lay-up and viewed as conversion candidates in our expanding project portfolio. Our current expectation is that they will ultimately be converted to FSRU's. The market for FSRU's has experienced significant growth in recent years and we expect this to continue for the foreseeable future.
Please see the section of this annual report entitled Item 4, "Information on the Company – Business Overview – the LNG industry" for further discussion of the LNG market in 2010 and 2009.
Factors Affecting the Comparability of Future Results
Our historical results of operations and cash flows are not indicative of results of operations and cash flows to be expected in the future, principally for the following reasons:
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In 2010, we commenced a LNG trading business. We expect this to impact our results in future periods. In May 2010, we announced we had established a new subsidiary, Golar Commodities which positions us in the market for managing and trading LNG cargoes. Activities include structured services to outside customers (such as risk management services), arbitrage activities as well as proprietary trading.
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The Golar Spirit, the Golar Winter and the Golar Freeze did not generate revenues during the period of their retrofitting and are being operated in a substantially different manner than they have in the past. In July 2008, the Golar Spirit commenced FSRU service under its long-term charter with Petrobras. The Golar Winter has operated in the spot market under short-term time charters since its delivery in 2004 until its entry into the shipyard for retrofitting for FSRU service in September 2008. The vessel completed its FSRU conversion and was redelivered from the shipyard in May 2009 and commenced FSRU service in September 2009.The Golar Freeze has operated under a long-term charter with BG since 2003, which expired in June 2009. Following the end of its BG charter, it entered the shipyard for retrofitting for FSRU service in September 2009. In May 2010, the Golar Freeze was delivered and commenced operating as a FSRU under its 10-year time charter with DUSUP. The Golar Winter, the Golar Spirit and the Golar Freeze generated revenue of $125.1 million in 2010. While these three vessels were in the shipyard, they did not generate any revenue.
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·
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The Hilli, Gimi and Khannur have come to the end of their charters and may also operate differently in the future. In March 2011, the Khannur entered the shipyard to commence conversion to a FSRU vessel for use in the West Java FSRU project. We anticipate that in the future we will convert either the Gimi or Hilli or both for FSRU service.
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FSRU operating expenses are higher than the operating expenses for LNG carriers and increase our exposure to foreign exchange rates. Our historical operating expenses reflect the operation of the Golar Spirit, the Golar Winter and the Golar Freeze (until the commencement of their respective FSRU services), as LNG carriers. Following the completion of their retrofitting to FSRUs, we incurred generally higher operating expenses on the vessels as compared to when we operated these vessels as conventional LNG carriers. In addition, in the past, the majority of our expenses and revenues have been denominated in U.S. Dollars. Under the Petrobras charters, we incur a portion of our expenses and receive a portion of our revenues in Brazilian Reais and, therefore, we have increased exposure to foreign exchange rates.
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We expect continued inflationary pressure on crew costs. Due to the specialized nature of operating FSRUs and LNG carriers, the increase in size of the worldwide LNG carrier fleet and the limited pool of qualified officers, we believe that crewing and labor related costs will experience significant increases.
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In 2008, we began to incur additional Brazilian taxes in connection with our operation of the FSRUs in Brazil. Our operation of the Golar Spirit and the Golar Winter results in our being subject to Brazilian taxes on the revenue we receive under the operation and services agreement with Petrobras. For the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008 we incurred $1.6 million, $1.1 million and $0.8 million, respectively of Brazilian taxes in connection with the Golar Spirit and Golar Winter FSRU charters.
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We may enter into different financing arrangements. Our financing arrangements currently in place may not be representative of the arrangements we will enter into in the future. For example we may amend our existing credit facilities or enter into other financing arrangements, which may be more expensive.
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·
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Investment in projects. We are continuing to invest in and develop our various projects. The costs we have incurred historically may not be indicative of future costs.
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Expansion of our fleet. In April 2011 we entered into a contract to build six LNG carriers with the Korean shipbuilder Samsung. The newbuilding contracts were originally entered into by companies affiliated with our largest shareholder World Shipholding. We acquired the newbuilding contracts from those affiliated parties based on the original contracting terms. Four vessels are scheduled to be delivered in 2013 and two vessels are scheduled to be delivered in early 2014. The total cost of the four vessels is approximately $1.2 billion. In addition we have an option to acquire an additional two vessels for deliveries scheduled in 2013 and thereafter.
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·
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Golar LNG Partners LP. In April 2011, we completed a public offering of 13.8 million common units (including 1.8 million units issued due to the exercising of the over allotment option) of our subsidiary, Golar Partners, which is listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the symbol "GMLP". As a result of the offering our ownership of Golar Partners was reduced to 65% (including our 2% general partner interest). Golar Partners is a Marshall Islands Partnership formed by us in 2008, which owns and operates a fleet of two LNG carriers and two FSRUs each under long-term charters. The 13.8 million units were priced at $22.50 per unit resulting in gross proceeds of $310.5 million.
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Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations
We believe the principal factors that will affect our future results of operations include:
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the number of vessels in our fleet including our ability to deliver the Khannur successfully to its charter;
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whether Petrobras exercises its options to acquire the Golar Spirit or the Golar Winter and, if so, whether we can effectively redeploy the proceeds from any such exercise;
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whether Petrobras exercises its option to terminate the Golar Spirit or the Golar Winter charters upon payment of a termination fee;
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whether DUSUP exercises its option to terminate the Golar Freeze charter upon payment of a termination fee;
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our ability to maintain good relationships with our key existing customers and to increase the number of our customer relationships;
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our ability to successfully enter into contracts at attractive rates, through Golar Commodities;
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increased demand for LNG shipping services, including FSRU services, and in connection with this underlying demand and supply for natural gas and specifically LNG;
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our ability to employ our vessels operating in the spot market and rates and levels of utilization achieved by our vessels under charter to Shell;
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the success or failure of the LNG infrastructure projects that we are working on or may work on in the future;
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our ability to successfully employ our vessels at economically attractive rates, as our charters expire or are otherwise terminated;
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our ability to obtain debt financing in respect of our capital commitments in the current difficult credit markets and the likely increase in margins payable to our banks for new debt;
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the effective and efficient technical management of our vessels;
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our ability to obtain and maintain major international energy company approvals and to satisfy their technical, health, safety and compliance standards; and
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economic, regulatory, political and governmental conditions that affect the shipping industry. This includes changes in the number of new LNG importing countries and regions and availability of surplus LNG from projects around the world, as well as structural LNG market changes allowing greater flexibility and enhanced competition with other energy sources.
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In addition to the factors discussed above, we believe certain specific factors have impacted, and will continue to impact, our results of operations. These factors include:
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the hire rate earned by our vessels and unscheduled off-hire days;
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non-utilization for vessels not subject to fixed rate charters;
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pension and share option expense;
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mark-to-market charges in interest rate, equity swaps and foreign currency derivatives;
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foreign currency exchange gains and losses;
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our access to capital required to acquire additional vessels and/or to implement our business strategy;
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the performance of our equity interests;
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increases in operating costs; and
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our level of debt and the related interest expense and amortization of principal.
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Please see the section of this annual report entitled Item 3, "Key Information - Risk Factors" for a discussion of certain risks inherent in our business.
Important Financial and Operational Terms and Concepts
We use a variety of financial and operational terms and concepts when analyzing our performance. These include the following:
Total Operating Revenues. Total operating revenues refers to time charter revenues. We recognize revenues from time charters over the term of the charter as the applicable vessel operates under the charter. We do not recognize revenue during days when the vessel is off-hire, unless the charter agreement makes a specific exception.
Off-hire (Including Commercial Waiting Time). Our vessels may be out of service, that is, off-hire, for three main reasons: scheduled drydocking or special survey or maintenance, which we refer to as scheduled off-hire; days spent waiting for a charter, which we refer to as commercial waiting time; and unscheduled repairs or maintenance, which we refer to as unscheduled off-hire.
Voyage and charterhire Expenses. Voyage expenses, which are primarily fuel costs but which also include other costs such as port charges, are paid by our customers under our time charters. However, we may incur voyage related expenses during off-hire periods when positioning or repositioning vessels before or after the period of a time charter or before or after drydocking, which expenses will be payable by us. We also incur some voyage expenses, principally fuel costs, when our vessels are in periods of commercial waiting time. Charterhire expenses being the cost of chartering in vessels to our fleet.
Time Charter Equivalent Earnings. In order to compare vessels trading under different types of charters, it is standard industry practice to measure the revenue performance of a vessel in terms of average daily time charter equivalent earnings, or "TCE." For our time charters, this is calculated by dividing time charter revenues by the number of calendar days minus days for scheduled off-hire. Where we are paid a fee to position or reposition a vessel before or after a time charter, this additional revenue, less voyage expenses, is included in the calculation of TCE. For shipping companies utilizing voyage charters (where the vessel owner pays voyage costs instead of the charterer), TCE is calculated by dividing voyage revenues, net of vessel voyage costs, by the number of calendar days minus days for scheduled off-hire. TCE is a non-GAAP financial measure. Please see the section of this annual report entitled Item 3, "Key Information - Selected Financial Data" for a reconciliation of TCE to our total operating revenues.
Vessel Operating Expenses. Vessel operating expenses include direct vessel operating costs associated with operating a vessel, such as crew wages, which are the most significant component, vessel supplies, routine repairs, maintenance, lubricating oils, insurance and management fees for the provision of commercial and technical management services.
Depreciation and Amortization. Depreciation and amortization expense, or the periodic cost charged to our income for the reduction in usefulness and long-term value of our ships, is related to the number of vessels we own or operate under long-term capital leases. We depreciate the cost of our owned vessels, less their estimated residual value, and amortize the amount of our capital lease assets over their estimated economic useful lives, on a straight-line basis. We amortize our deferred drydocking costs over two to five years based on each vessel's next anticipated drydocking. Income derived from sale and subsequently leased assets is deferred and amortized in proportion to the amortization of the leased assets.
Administrative Expenses. Administrative expenses are composed of general overhead, including personnel costs, legal and professional fees, costs associated with project development, property costs and other general administration expenses. Included within administrative expenses are pension and share option expenses. Pension expense includes costs associated with a defined benefit pension plan we maintain for some of our office-based employees (the U.K. Scheme). Although this scheme is now closed to new entrants the cost of provision of this benefit will vary with the movement of actuarial variables and the value of the pension fund assets.
Interest Expense and Interest Income. Interest expense depends on our overall level of borrowings and may significantly increase when we acquire or lease ships. During a newbuilding construction or FSRU retrofitting period, interest expense incurred is capitalized in the cost of the newbuilding or vessel. Interest expense may also change with prevailing interest rates, although interest rate swaps or other derivative instruments may reduce the effect of these changes. Interest income will depend on prevailing interest rates and the level of our cash deposits and restricted cash deposits.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets. Our vessels are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. In assessing the recoverability of our vessels' carrying amounts, we must make assumptions regarding estimated future cash flows and estimates in respect of residual or scrap value. We estimate those future cash flows based on the existing service potential of our vessels. Following expiration of our time charter contracts, our estimate of market charter rates assumes that we will be able to renew our time charter contracts at their existing or lower rates rather than at escalated rates, and that the costs of operating those vessels reflects our average operating costs experienced historically. We follow a traditional present value approach, whereby a single set of future cash flows is estimated. If the carrying value of a vessel were to exceed the undiscounted future cash flows, we would write the vessel down to its fair value, which is calculated by using a risk-adjusted rate of interest.
Other Financial Items. Other financial items include financing fee arrangement costs, amortization of deferred financing costs, market valuation adjustments for interest rate swap, interest rate cash settlements, foreign currency swap and equity swap derivatives and foreign exchange gains/losses. The market valuation adjustment for our derivatives may have a significant impact on our results of operations and financial position although it does not impact our liquidity. Foreign exchange gains or losses arise primarily due to the retranslation of our capital lease obligations and the cash deposits securing those obligations that are denominated in GBP. Any gain or loss represents an unrealized gain or loss and will arise over time as a result of exchange rate movements. Our liquidity position will only be affected to the extent that we choose or are required to withdraw monies from or pay additional monies into the deposits securing our capital lease obligations or if the leases are terminated.
Inflation and Cost Increases
Although inflation has had a moderate impact on operating expenses, interest costs, drydocking expenses and overhead, we do not expect inflation to have a significant impact on direct costs in the current and foreseeable economic environment other than potentially in relation to insurance costs and crew costs. It is anticipated that insurance costs, which have risen over the last three years, will continue to rise over the next few years and rates may exceed the general level of inflation. LNG transportation is a specialized area and the number of vessels has increased rapidly. Therefore, there has been an increased demand for qualified crews, which has and will continue to the same extent to put inflationary pressure on crew costs. Only vessels on full cost, pass-through charters would be protected from any crew cost increases. The impact of these increases will be mitigated to some extent by the following provisions in our charters:
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The Golar Mazo's charter provides for operating cost and insurance cost pass-throughs and so we will be protected from the impact of the vast majority of such increases.
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The Methane Princess' charter provides that the operating cost component of the charter hire rate, established at the beginning of the charter, will increase by a fixed percentage per annum, except for insurance, which is covered at cost.
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Under the OSAs for both the Golar Spirit and the Golar Winter, the hire amounts are payable in Brazilian Reais. The hire payable under the OSAs covers all vessel operating expenses, other than drydocking and insurance which are covered under the Time Charter Party. The hire amounts payable under the OSAs were established between the parties at the time the charter was entered into and will be adjusted based on a specified mix of consumer price and U.S. Dollar foreign exchange rate indices on an annual basis.
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The Golar Freeze charter adjusts for the operating expenses element annually to take into account cost increases.
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Results of Operations
Our results for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008 were affected by several key factors:
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realized losses of $6.2 million within other operating gains and losses relate to trades transacted by Golar Commodities in 2010;
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financing arrangement fees and other costs of $6.7 million and a further $7.7 million loss on termination in 2010 in respect of termination of certain lease financing arrangements;
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an impairment charge of $4.5 million in 2010 against our long term investments and assets represents a write down of our cost of investment in TORP Technology and a write down in respect of certain FSRU equipment originally acquired in 2007 and prior;
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the piecemeal disposal of our interest in LNGL resulting in a gain of $4.2 million and $8.4 million in 2010 and 2009, respectively;
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a realized gain arising on the termination of the Company's equity swap in respect of Arrow Energy which resulted in a net gain of approximately $7.8 million in 2009;
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·
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the movement in mark-to-market valuations of our derivative instruments and the impact of the adoption of hedge accounting, effective from October 1, 2008 for certain of our interest rate swap derivatives; and
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bank loan and other financing arrangements that we have entered;
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·
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the acquisition of the Golar Arctic in January 2008;
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·
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the gain on disposal of the Golar Frost in 2008 realizing a gain of $78.1 million;
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·
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our vessels not on long-term charters affected by commercial waiting time. During 2010, the Golar Arctic and the Ebisu operated in the spot market; and the Hilli was in lay-up. Also the three vessels on five-year charters with Shell; the Grand, the Golar Viking and the Golar Maria, or the Shell vessels, are subject to variable (market) charter rates and commercial waiting time;
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the periods of time three of our vessels spent in shipyards undergoing retrofitting for FSRU service;
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The impact of these factors is discussed in more detail below.
Year ended December 31, 2010, compared with the year ended December 31, 2009.
As of 2010, we manage our business and analyze and report our results of operations on the basis of two segments: vessel operations and commodity trading. In order to provide investors with additional information we have provided analysis divided between these two segments.
Vessel Operations
Operating revenues, voyage and charter-hire expenses and average daily time charter equivalent
(in thousands of $)
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2010
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|
|
2009
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|
|
Change
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Change
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|
Total operating revenues
|
|
|
244,045 |
|
|
|
216,495 |
|
|
|
27,550 |
|
|
|
13 |
% |
Voyage and charter-hire expenses
|
|
|
(32,311 |
) |
|
|
(39,463 |
) |
|
|
(7,152 |
) |
|
|
(18 |
%) |
The increase in total operating revenues in 2010 compared to 2009 can primarily be explained by:
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A full year's revenue of the Golar Winter in 2010 as compared to approximately four months in 2009. The Golar Winter commenced its 10-year charter with Petrobras in September 2009 following its FSRU retrofitting.
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·
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The Golar Freeze was delivered under its 10 year time charter to DUSUP and was onhire commencing May 16, 2010 following its successful conversion to a FSRU vessel. The vessel earned approximately five months of revenue in 2009 prior to entering the shipyard.
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Partially offset by a decrease in operating revenues arising from:
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An overall decline in charter rates and lower utilization levels of our vessels trading on the spot market or in lay-up in 2010 for the Golar Arctic and the Ebisu. This also includes our vessels operating under the Shell five-year charters subject to variable (market) charter rates and commercial waiting time for the Grand, the Maria and the Viking. The chartered-in vessel, the Ebisu, was returned to its owners in September 2010.
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·
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The Gimi and the Khannur completed their long term charters with BG during the third quarter of 2010. These vessels were inactive during the last quarter of 2010.
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Voyage and charter-hire expenses largely relate to fuel costs associated with commercial waiting time, vessel positioning costs and charterhire expenses.
The decrease of $7.2 million in 2010 compared to 2009 was principally as a result of the decreased charterhire costs on the Ebisu which was on charter to us until late September 2010, thus incurring approximately nine months of charterhire costs in 2010 as compared to a full year in 2009. Furthermore during 2009 the Golar Winter incurred positioning costs from Singapore to Brazil at our cost following the completion of its FSRU conversion.
This is partially offset by increased fuel costs on a number of the spot hire vessels as a result of lower utilization in 2010 compared with 2009. While a vessel is on-hire, fuel costs are typically borne by the charterer, whereas during periods of commercial waiting time, fuel costs are borne by us.
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2010
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2009
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Change
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Change
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|
Calendar days less scheduled off-hire days
|
|
|
3,901 |
|
|
|
4,145 |
|
|
|
(244 |
) |
|
|
(6 |
%) |
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|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
Average daily TCE (to the closest $100)
|
|
$ |
57,200 |
|
|
$ |
47,400 |
|
|
$ |
9,800 |
|
|
|
21 |
% |
Average daily TCE is calculated as $57,200 and $47,400 in 2010 and 2009, respectively. The increase in average daily TCE can be explained by the reasons described above and primarily as a result of higher charterhire rates received for the FSRU vessels.
The available trading days of our vessels trading in the spot market during 2010 and the vessels under the Shell five year charters was 1,724 and 1,957 days in 2010 and 2009, respectively. Commercial waiting days in 2010 and 2009 were 56% and 38% of available trading days for these vessels, respectively.
Vessel Operating Expenses
(in thousands of $, except for average daily vessel operating costs)
|
|
2010
|
|
|
2009
|
|
|
Change
|
|
|
Change
|
|
Vessel operating expenses
|
|
|
52,910 |
|
|
|
60,709 |
|
|
|
(7,799 |
) |
|
|
(13 |
%) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Average daily vessel operating costs
|
|
|
12,080 |
|
|
|
13,410 |
|
|
|
(1,330 |
) |
|
|
(10 |
%) |
The decrease in vessel operating expenses is mainly due to the Gimi and Khannur being in lay-up during the whole of 2010 as compared to only part of 2009 and therefore incurring reduced operating costs. The Golar Frost was redelivered to its new owners in May 2009 thus incurring no operating costs in 2010.
This decrease is partially offset by increased operating costs of the Golar Winter and the Golar Freeze due to increased costs for operating FSRU vessels.
Administrative Expenses
(in thousands of $)
|
|
2010
|
|
|
2009
|
|
|
Change
|
|
|
Change
|
|
Administrative expenses
|
|
|
16,580 |
|
|
|
19,958 |
|
|
|
(3,378 |
) |
|
|
(17 |
%) |
The decrease in administrative expenses was primarily due to a significant decrease in project related administrative costs in 2010 compared to 2009.
Depreciation and Amortization
(in thousands of $)
|
|
2010
|
|
|
2009
|
|
|
Change
|
|
|
Change
|
|
Depreciation and amortization
|
|
|
65,038 |
|
|
|
63,482 |
|
|
|
1,556 |
|
|
|
3 |
% |
Depreciation and amortization has increased mainly due to a full year's depreciation for the Golar Winter FSRU capital expenditure in 2010 compared with approximately four months in 2009 and also the commencement of depreciation for the Golar Freeze FSRU retrofitting expenditure pursuant to the completion of its retrofitting in May 2010.
Impairment of long-term assets
(in thousands of $)
|
|
2010
|
|
|
2009
|
|
|
Change
|
|
|
Change
|
|
Impairment of long lived asset
|
|
|
1,500 |
|
|
|
1,500 |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
Impairment of unlisted investment
|
|
|
3,000 |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
3,000 |
|
|
|
100 |
% |
Impairment of long-term assets
|
|
|
4,500 |
|
|
|
1,500 |
|
|
|
3,000 |
|
|
|
200 |
% |
The impairment charge of long-lived assets of $1.5 million in both 2010 and 2009 relates to parts ordered for the FSRU conversion project that were not required for the conversion of the Golar Spirit and therefore reflects a lower recoverable amount for these parts. Some of these parts were used in the retrofitting of the Golar Freeze during 2009. As of December 31, 2010, the total carrying value of the remaining equipment is $12.0 million. Of these parts, $8 million have been earmarked for use in the conversion of the Khannur.
During 2010, we identified events or changes in circumstances that indicated the carrying value of our unlisted investment in TORP Technology was not recoverable and wrote off $3 million.
Net Financial Expenses
(in thousands of $)
|
|
2010
|
|
|
2009
|
|
|
Change
|
|
|
Change
|
|
Interest income from capital lease restricted cash deposits
|
|
|
4,135 |
|
|
|
11,464 |
|
|
|
(7,329 |
) |
|
|
(64 |
%) |
Other interest income
|
|
|
156 |
|
|
|
246 |
|
|
|
(90 |
) |
|
|
(37 |
%) |
Interest Income
|
|
|
4,291 |
|
|
|
11,710 |
|
|
|
(7,419 |
) |
|
|
(63 |
%) |
Capital lease interest expense
|
|
|
(9,705 |
) |
|
|
(19,730 |
) |
|
|
10,025 |
|
|
|
51 |
% |
Other debt related interest expense
|
|
|
(22,949 |
) |
|
|
(24,168 |
) |
|
|
1,219 |
|
|
|
5 |
% |
Interest Expense
|
|
|
(32,654 |
) |
|
|
(43,898 |
) |
|
|
11,244 |
|
|
|
26 |
% |
Mark-to-market adjustments for interest rate swap derivatives
|
|
|
(5,295 |
) |
|
|
17,385 |
|
|
|
(22,680 |
) |
|
|
(130 |
%) |
Interest rate swap cash settlements
|
|
|
(13,018 |
) |
|
|
(13,976 |
) |
|
|
958 |
|
|
|
7 |
% |
Loss on termination of lease financing arrangements
|
|
|
(7,777 |
) |
|
|
- |
|
|
|
(7,777 |
) |
|
|
(100 |
%) |
Net foreign currency adjustments for re-translation of lease related balances and mark-to-market adjustments for the Winter Lease related currency swap derivative
|
|
|
(2,989 |
) |
|
|
8,387 |
|
|
|
(11,376 |
) |
|
|
(136 |
%) |
Mark-to-market adjustments for foreign currency derivatives (excluding the Winter Lease related currency swap derivative)
|
|
|
574 |
|
|
|
9,699 |
|
|
|
(9,125 |
) |
|
|
(94 |
%) |
Mark-to-market adjustments for equity swap derivatives including gain on termination
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
17,603 |
|
|
|
(17,603 |
) |
|
|
(100 |
%) |
Other
|
|
|
(9,907 |
) |
|
|
(8,602 |
) |
|
|
(1,305 |
) |
|
|
(15 |
%) |
Other Financial Items, net
|
|
|
(38,412 |
) |
|
|
30,496 |
|
|
|
(68,908 |
) |
|
|
(226 |
%) |
Lease deposit interest income decreased by $7.3 million in 2010 compared to 2009 due mainly to a substantial decrease in interest rates in 2010 compared to 2009. This was also due to a lower requirement in certain of our capital lease related restricted cash deposits in lieu of the additional security afforded to the lessors as a result of our entry into long-term charters with the respective vessel. The depreciation of GBP against the U.S. Dollar also impacted our interest income earned on our restricted cash deposits, or LC deposits, denominated in GBP.
Capital lease interest expense decreased to $9.7 million in 2010 compared to $19.7 million in 2009 as a result primarily of the decrease in interest rates in 2010 compared with 2009. Some of the decrease can also be attributed to the effect of the depreciation of GBP against the U.S. Dollar on interest expense on our lease balances denominated in GBP.
The decrease in other debt related interest expense by $1.2 million was for the most part driven by lower USD LIBOR interest rates in 2010.
Mark-to-market adjustments for interest rate swap derivatives resulted in a loss of $5.3 million in 2010 compared to a gain of $17.4 million in 2009. In 2009, long-term interest rate swap costs increased from 2008 levels resulting in a gain for the year. In 2010, long term interest rate swap rates declined for the first nine months of the year and, although rising in the fourth quarter, still declined over the year. This resulted in a loss for 2010. We hedge account for certain of our interest rate swaps. Accordingly, a further $8.6 million loss which would otherwise have been recognized in earnings in 2010 has been accounted for as a change in other comprehensive income.