UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)

[ ]
REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
   
 
OR
   
[X]
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
   
 
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016
   
 
OR
   
[ ]
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
   
 
For the transition period from _________________ to _________________
   
 
OR
   
[ ]
SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
   
 
Date of event requiring this shell company report _________________
   
 
Commission file number 001-37889

TOP SHIPS INC.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
 
 
(Translation of Registrant's name into English)
 
 
Republic of the Marshall Islands
(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
 
 
1 Vasilisis Sofias and Megalou Alexandrou Str, 15124 Maroussi, Greece
(Address of principal executive offices)
 
 
Alexandros Tsirikos, (Tel) +30 210 812 8180, atsirikos@topships.org, (Fax) +30 210 614 1273,
1 Vasilisis Sofias and Megalou Alexandrou Str, 15124 Maroussi, Greece
 (Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)
 
 
 

 
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.

Title of each class
 
Name of each exchange
on which registered
     
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share
 
Nasdaq Capital Market
Preferred Stock Purchase Rights
 
 
Nasdaq Capital Market

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act.

NONE
(Title of class)
 
Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act.

NONE
(Title of class)
 


Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer's classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.

As of December 31, 2016, 5,689,141 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, were outstanding.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes
 
No
X
 


If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
Yes
 
No
X
 


Note – Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 from their obligations under those Sections.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes
X
No
   

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Sec.232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

Yes
X
No
   




Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer or a non-accelerated filer.  See the definitions of "large accelerated filer" and "accelerated filer" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

       Large accelerated filer   
Accelerated filer   
 
       Non-accelerated filer 
 

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

X
    U.S. GAAP
 
    International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board
 
    Other

If "Other" has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow:
 
________  Item 17
 
________  Item 18
         
If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes
 
No
X
 


PART I
 
3
ITEM 1
IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS
3
ITEM 2.
OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE
3
ITEM 3.
KEY INFORMATION
3
ITEM 4.
INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY
32
ITEM 4A.
UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
48
ITEM 5.
OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS
48
ITEM 6.
DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES
69
ITEM 7.
MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
73
ITEM 8.
FINANCIAL INFORMATION.
76
ITEM 9.
THE OFFER AND LISTING.
77
ITEM 10.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
78
ITEM 11.
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
98
ITEM 12.
DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES
99
PART II
 
99
ITEM 13.
DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES
99
ITEM 14.
MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS
99
ITEM 15.
CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
99
ITEM 16A.
AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT
101
ITEM 16B.
CODE OF ETHICS
101
ITEM 16C.
PRINCIPAL AUDITOR FEES AND SERVICES
101
ITEM 16D.
EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES
102
ITEM 16E.
PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS
102
ITEM 16F.
CHANGE IN REGISTRANT'S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT
102
ITEM 16G.
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
102
ITEM 16H.
MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
103
PART III
 
103
ITEM 17.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
103
ITEM 18.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
103
ITEM 19.
EXHIBITS
103



CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Matters discussed in this report may constitute forward-looking statements. The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, or the PSLRA, provides safe harbor protections for forward-looking statements in order to encourage companies to provide prospective information about their business. Forward-looking statements include statements concerning plans, objectives, goals, strategies, future events or performance, and underlying assumptions and other statements, which are other than statements of historical facts.
TOP Ships Inc. desires to take advantage of the safe harbor provisions of the PSLRA and is including this cautionary statement in connection with this safe harbor legislation. This annual report and any other written or oral statements made by us or on our behalf may include forward-looking statements, which reflect our current views with respect to future events and financial performance. When used in this annual report, the words "anticipate," "believe," "expect," "intend," "estimate," "forecast," "project," "plan," "potential," "may," "should," and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements.
The forward-looking statements in this annual report are based upon various assumptions, many of which are based, in turn, upon further assumptions, including without limitation, management's examination of historical operating trends, data contained in our records and other data available from third parties. Although we believe that these assumptions were reasonable when made, because these assumptions are inherently subject to significant uncertainties and contingencies that are difficult or impossible to predict and are beyond our control, we cannot assure you that we will achieve or accomplish these expectations, beliefs or projections.
In addition to these assumptions and matters discussed elsewhere herein and in the documents incorporated by reference herein, important factors that, in our view, could cause actual results to differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements include the following:
·
our ability to maintain or develop new and existing customer relationships with major refined product importers and exporters, major crude oil companies and major commodity traders, including our ability to enter into long-term charters for our vessels;
·
our future operating and financial results;
·
oil and chemical tanker industry trends, including charter rates and vessel values and factors affecting vessel supply and demand;
·
our ability to take delivery of, integrate into our fleet, and employ any newbuildings we may order in the future and the ability of shipyards to deliver vessels on a timely basis;
·
the aging of our vessels and resultant increases in operation and dry-docking costs;
·
the ability of our vessels to pass classification inspections and vetting inspections by oil majors and big chemical corporations;
·
significant changes in vessel performance, including increased vessel breakdowns;
·
the creditworthiness of our charterers and the ability of our contract counterparties to fulfill their obligations to us;
·
our ability to repay outstanding indebtedness, to obtain additional financing and to obtain replacement charters for our vessels, in each case, at commercially acceptable rates or at all;
·
changes to governmental rules and regulations or actions taken by regulatory authorities and the expected costs thereof;
1



·
potential liability from litigation and our vessel operations, including discharge of pollutants;
·
changes in general economic and business conditions;
·
general domestic and international political conditions, potential disruption of shipping routes due to accidents, political events or acts by terrorists;
·
changes in production of or demand for oil and petroleum products and chemicals, either globally or in particular regions;
·
the strength of world economies and currencies, including fluctuations in charterhire rates and vessel values; and
·
and other important factors described from time to time in the reports filed by us with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC.
Any forward-looking statements contained herein are made only as of the date of this annual report, and we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement or statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which such statement is made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. New factors emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all or any of these factors. Further, we cannot assess the impact of each such factor on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to be materially different from those contained in any forward-looking statement.

2


PART I
ITEM 1
IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS
Not Applicable.
ITEM 2.
OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE
Not Applicable.
ITEM 3.
KEY INFORMATION
Unless the context otherwise requires, as used in this annual report, the terms "Company," "we," "us," and "our" refer to TOP Ships Inc. and all of its subsidiaries, and "TOP Ships Inc." refers only to TOP Ships Inc. and not to its subsidiaries. We use the term deadweight ton, or dwt, in describing the size of vessels. Dwt, expressed in metric tons each of which is equivalent to 1,000 kilograms, refers to the maximum weight of cargo and supplies that a vessel can carry. Throughout this annual report, the conversion from Euros, or €, to U.S. dollars, or $, is based on the U.S. dollar/Euro exchange rate of 1.054 as of December 31, 2016, unless otherwise specified.
A.
Selected Financial Data

The following table sets forth our selected historical consolidated financial information and other operating data as of and for the periods indicated. Our selected historical consolidated financial information as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 and for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 is derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included in "Item 18. Financial Statements" herein. The selected historical consolidated financial information as of December 31, 2012, 2013 and 2014 and for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2013 is derived from our audited consolidated financial statements that are not included in this annual report. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared and presented in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP.
The information provided below should be read in conjunction with "Item 4. Information on the Company" and "Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects" and the consolidated financial statements, related notes and other financial information included herein.
Following the 10-for-1 reverse stock split effected on February 22, 2016, pursuant to which every ten common shares issued and outstanding were converted into one common share, all share and per share amounts disclosed throughout this annual report, in the table below and in our consolidated financial statements have been retroactively updated to reflect this change in capital structure, unless otherwise indicated. Please see "Item 4. Information on the Company—History and Development of the Company".
3



   
Year Ended December 31,
 
U.S. Dollars in thousands, except per share data
 
2012
   
2013
   
2014
   
2015
   
2016
 
STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS)/INCOME
                             
Revenues
   
31,428
     
20,074
     
3,602
     
13,075
     
28,433
 
                                         
Voyage expenses
   
1,023
     
663
     
113
     
370
     
736
 
Bareboat charter hire expense
   
-
     
-
     
-
     
5,274
     
6,299
 
Amortization of prepaid bareboat charter hire
   
-
     
-
     
-
     
1,431
     
1,577
 
Vessel operating expenses
   
814
     
745
     
1,143
     
4,789
     
9,913
 
Management fees-related parties
   
2,345
     
1,351
     
703
     
1,621
     
1,824
 
General and administrative expenses
   
7,078
     
3,258
     
2,335
     
2,983
     
2,906
 
Other operating (income)/loss
   
-
     
-
     
(861
)
   
274
     
(3,137
)
 Gain on sale of vessels
   
-
     
(14
)
   
-
     
-
     
-
 
Vessel depreciation
   
11,458
     
6,429
     
757
     
668
     
3,467
 
Impairment on vessels
   
61,484
     
-
     
-
     
3,081
     
-
 
Gain on disposal of subsidiaries
   
-
     
(1,591
)
   
-
     
-
     
-
 
                                         
Operating (loss)/income
   
(52,774
)
   
9,233
     
(588
)
   
(7,416
)
   
4,848
 
                                         
Interest and finance costs
   
(9,345
)
   
(7,443
)
   
(450
)
   
(719
)
   
(3,093
)
(Loss)/gain on derivative financial instruments
   
(447
)
   
(171
)
   
3,866
     
(392
)
   
(698
)
Interest income
   
175
     
131
     
74
     
-
     
-
 
Other (expense)/income, net
   
(1,593
)
   
(342
)
   
(6
)
   
20
     
(5
)
                                         
Net (loss)/income and comprehensive (loss)/income
   
(63,984
)
   
1,408
     
2,896
     
(8,507
)
   
1,052
 
Deemed dividend for beneficial conversion feature of Series B convertible preferred stock
   
-
     
-
     
-
     
-
     
(1, 403
)
Net (loss)/income attributable to common shareholders
   
(63,984
)
   
1,408
     
2,896
     
(8,507
)
   
(351
)
(Loss)/Earnings per share, basic
 
$
(263.63
)
 
$
5.78
   
$
2.23
   
$
(4.21
)
 
$
(0.09
)
(Loss)/Earnings per share, diluted
 
$
(263.63
)
 
$
5.76
   
$
1.84
   
$
(4.21
)
 
$
(0.09
)
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic
   
242,708
     
243,736
     
1,295,811
     
2,019,235
     
4,028,101
 
Weighted average common shares outstanding, diluted
   
242,708
     
244,450
     
1,574,344
     
2,019,235
     
4,028,101
 

   
As of December 31,
 
U.S. dollars in thousands, unless otherwise stated
 
2012
   
2013
   
2014
   
2015
   
2016
 
BALANCE SHEET DATA
                             
Current assets
   
26,735
     
10,262
     
1,227
     
5,269
     
4,541
 
Total assets *
   
211,415
     
27,868
     
75,575
     
74,006
     
143,317
 
Current liabilities, including current portion of long-term debt *
   
193,630
     
8,605
     
9,334
     
17,577
     
20,033
 
Non-current liabilities *
   
4,706
     
4,468
     
23,712
     
22,276
     
76,022
 
Total debt
   
172,619
     
-
     
19,419
     
24,226
     
84,539
 
Mezzanine equity      -       -       -       -       1,741  
Common stock
   
2
     
3
     
19
     
21
     
57
 
Stockholders' equity
   
13,079
     
14,795
     
42,529
     
34,153
     
45,521
 
 
* We have retroactively adjusted these amounts to account for the adoption of the ASU 2015-03, Interest-Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30), Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs. Refer to Note 2 (w) to the financial statements.
4



OTHER FINANCIAL DATA
   
Year Ended December 31,
 
   
2012
   
2013
   
2014
   
2015
   
2016
 
FLEET DATA
                             
Total number of vessels at end of period (including leased vessels)
   
7.0
     
0.0
     
1.0
     
3.0
     
6.0
 
Average number of vessels(1)
   
7.0
     
5.1
     
0.5
     
2.2
     
5.0
 
Total calendar days for fleet(2)
   
2,562
     
1,852
     
195
     
810
     
1,812
 
Total available days for fleet(3)
   
2,546
     
1,852
     
195
     
805
     
1,812
 
Total operating days for fleet(4)
   
2,544
     
1,852
     
195
     
796
     
1,799
 
Total time charter days for fleet
   
124
     
-
     
195
     
796
     
1,799
 
Total bareboat charter days for fleet
   
2,420
     
1,852
     
-
     
-
     
-
 
Fleet utilization(5)
   
99.92
%
   
100.00
%
   
100.00
%
   
98.91
%
   
99.28
%

Amounts in U.S. dollars
                   
AVERAGE DAILY RESULTS
                   
Time charter equivalent(6)
 
$
11,951
   
$
10,484
   
$
17,892
   
$
15,961
   
$
15,396
 
Vessel operating expenses(7)
 
$
318
   
$
402
   
$
5,862
   
$
5,914
   
$
5,470
 
General and administrative expenses(8)
 
$
2,763
   
$
1,759
   
$
11,974
   
$
3,684
   
$
1,604
 

U.S. dollars in thousands
2012
 
2013
 
2014
 
2015
 
2016
 
Adjusted EBITDA(9)
 
$
18,575
   
$
13,715
   
$
163
   
$
3,058
   
$
16,186
 

(1)
Average number of vessels is the number of vessels that constituted our fleet (including leased vessels) for the relevant period, as measured by the sum of the number of days each vessel was a part of our fleet during the period divided by the number of calendar days in that period.
(2)
Calendar days are the total days the vessels were in our possession for the relevant period. Calendar days are an indicator of the size of our fleet over the relevant period and affect both the amount of revenues and expenses that we record during that period.
(3)
Available days are the number of calendar days less the aggregate number of days that our vessels are off-hire due to scheduled repairs or scheduled guarantee inspections in the case of newbuildings, vessel upgrades or special or intermediate surveys and the aggregate amount of time that we spend positioning our vessels. Companies in the shipping industry generally use available days to measure the number of days in a period during which vessels should be capable of generating revenues.
(4)
Operating days are the number of available days in a period less the aggregate number of days that our vessels are off-hire due to unforeseen technical circumstances. The shipping industry uses operating days to measure the aggregate number of days in a period that our vessels actually generate revenue.
(5)
Fleet utilization is calculated by dividing the number of operating days during a period by the number of available days during that period. The shipping industry uses fleet utilization to measure a company's efficiency in finding suitable employment for its vessels and minimizing the number of days that its vessels are off-hire for reasons other than scheduled repairs or scheduled guarantee inspections in the case of newbuildings, vessel upgrades, special or intermediate surveys and vessel positioning.
5



(6)
Time charter equivalent rate, or TCE rate, is a measure of the average daily revenue performance of a vessel on a per voyage basis. Our method of calculating TCE rate is consistent with industry standards and is determined by dividing TCE revenues by operating days for the relevant time period. TCE revenues are revenues minus voyage expenses. Voyage expenses primarily consist of port, canal and fuel costs that are unique to a particular voyage, which would otherwise be paid by the charterer under a time charter contract, as well as commissions. TCE revenues and TCE rate, which are non-U.S. GAAP measures, provide additional supplemental information in conjunction with shipping revenues, the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure, because it assists our management in making decisions regarding the deployment and use of our vessels and in evaluating their financial performance. The following table below reflects the reconciliation of TCE revenues to revenues as reflected in the consolidated statements of operations and our calculation of TCE rates for the periods presented.
U.S. dollars in thousands, except average daily time charter equivalent and total operating days
 
2012
   
2013
   
2014
   
2015
   
2016
 
On a consolidated basis
                             
Revenues
 
$
31,428
   
$
20,074
   
$
3,602
   
$
13,075
   
$
28,433
 
Less:
                                       
Voyage expenses
   
(1,023
)
   
(663
)
   
(113
)
   
(370
)
   
(736
)
 Time charter equivalent revenues
 
$
30,405
   
$
19,411
   
$
3,489
   
$
12,705
   
$
27,697
 
Total operating days
   
2,544
     
1,852
     
195
     
796
     
1,799
 
                                         
Average Daily Time Charter Equivalent (TCE)
 
$
11,951
   
$
10,484
   
$
17,892
   
$
15,961
   
$
15,396
 


(7)
Daily vessel operating expenses, which include crew costs, provisions, deck and engine stores, lubricating oil, insurance, maintenance and repairs are calculated by dividing vessel operating expenses by fleet calendar days for the relevant time period.
(8)
Daily general and administrative expenses are calculated by dividing general and administrative expenses by fleet calendar days for the relevant time period.
(9)
Adjusted Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, Amortization (Adjusted EBITDA), is not a measure prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We define Adjusted EBITDA as earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, vessel bareboat charter hire expenses (including amortization of prepaid hire), vessel impairments, gains on sale of vessels, gains on disposal of subsidiaries and gains/losses on derivative financial instruments. Adjusted EBITDA is a non-U.S. GAAP financial measure that is used as a supplemental financial measure by management and external users of financial statements, such as investors, to assess our financial and operating performance. We believe that this non-GAAP financial measure assists our management and investors by increasing the comparability of our performance from period to period. This is achieved by excluding the potentially disparate effects between periods of interest, gain/loss on financial instruments, taxes, depreciation and amortization, vessel bareboat charter hire expenses (including amortization of prepaid hire,  vessel impairments, gains on sale of vessels and subsidiaries) and which items are affected by various and possibly changing financing methods, capital structure and historical cost basis and which items may significantly affect results of operations between periods. This non-U.S. GAAP measure should not be considered in isolation from, as a substitute for, or superior to financial measures prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP.  In evaluating Adjusted EBITDA, you should be aware that in the future we may incur expenses that are the same as or similar to some of the adjustments in this presentation. Our definition of Adjusted EBITDA may not be the same as reported by other companies in the shipping industry or other industries. Adjusted EBITDA does not represent and should not be considered as an alternative to operating income or cash flow from operations, as determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
6



U.S. dollars in thousands
 
2012
   
2013
   
2014
   
2015
   
2016
 
Net (loss)/ income and comprehensive (loss)/ income
   
(63,984
)
   
1,408
     
2,896
     
(8,507
)
   
1,052
 
                                         
Add: Bareboat charter hire expenses
   
-
     
-
     
-
     
5,274
     
6,299
 
Add: Amortization of prepaid bareboat charter hire
   
-
     
-
     
-
     
1,431
     
1,577
 
Add: Vessel depreciation
   
11,458
     
6,429
     
757
     
668
     
3,467
 
Add: Impairment on vessel
   
61,484
     
-
     
-
     
3,081
     
-
 
Add: Interest and finance costs
   
9,345
     
7,443
     
450
     
719
     
3,093
 
Add: Loss/(gain) on derivative financial instruments
   
447
     
171
     
(3,866
)
   
392
     
698
 
Less: Gain on sale of vessels
   
-
     
(14
)
   
-
     
-
     
-
 
Less: Gain on disposal of subsidiaries
   
-
     
(1,591
)
   
-
     
-
     
-
 
Less: Interest income
   
(175
)
   
(131
)
   
(74
)
   
-
     
-
 
                                         
Adjusted EBITDA
   
18,575
     
13,715
     
163
     
3,058
     
16,186
 

B.
Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not Applicable.
C.
Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not Applicable.
D.
Risk Factors

The following risks relate principally to the industry in which we operate and our business in general. Any of these risk factors could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or operating results and the trading price of our common shares.
RISKS RELATED TO OUR INDUSTRY
The international tanker industry has historically been both cyclical and volatile and this may lead to reductions and volatility in our charter rates, our vessel values, our revenues, earnings and cash flow results.
The international tanker industry in which we operate is cyclical, with attendant volatility in charter hire rates, vessel values and industry profitability. For tanker vessels, the degree of charter rate volatility has varied widely. Please see "—The international oil tanker industry has experienced volatile charter rates and vessel values and there can be no assurance that these charter rates and vessel values will not decrease in the near future." Currently, all of our vessels are employed on time charters. However, changes in spot rates and time charters can affect the revenues we will receive from operations in the event our charterers default or seek to renegotiate the charter hire, and can affect the value of our vessels, even if they are employed under long-term time charters. Our ability to re-charter our vessels on the expiration or termination of their time or bareboat charters and the charter rates payable under any renewal or replacement charters will depend upon, among other things, economic conditions in the tanker markets and several other factors outside of our control. If we enter into a charter when charter rates are low, our revenues and earnings will be adversely affected. A decline in charter hire rates will also likely cause the value of our vessels to decline.
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Fluctuations in charter rates and vessel values result from changes in the supply and demand for vessels and changes in the supply and demand for oil, chemicals and other liquids our vessels carry. Factors affecting the supply and demand for our vessels are outside of our control and are unpredictable. The nature, timing, direction and degree of changes in the tanker industry conditions are also unpredictable.
Factors that influence demand for tanker vessel capacity include:
·
supply and demand for petroleum products and chemicals carried;
·
changes in oil production and refining capacity resulting in shifts in trade flows for oil products;
·
the distance petroleum products and chemicals are to be moved by sea;
·
global and regional economic and political conditions, including developments in international trade, national oil reserves policies, fluctuations in industrial and agricultural production, armed conflicts and work stoppages;
·
increases in the production of oil in areas linked by pipelines to consuming areas, the extension of existing, or the development of new pipeline systems in markets we may serve, or the conversion of existing non-oil pipelines to oil pipelines in those markets;
·
environmental and other legal and regulatory developments;
·
currency exchange rates;
·
weather, natural disasters and other acts of God;
·
competition from alternative sources of energy, other shipping companies and other modes of transportation; and
·
international sanctions, embargoes, import and export restrictions, nationalizations, piracy and wars.
The factors that influence the supply of tanker capacity include:
·
the number of newbuilding deliveries;
·
current and expected newbuilding orders for vessels;
·
the scrapping rate of older vessels;
·
vessel freight rates, which are affected by factors that may affect the rate of newbuilding, swapping and laying up of vessels;
·
the price of steel and vessel equipment;
·
technological advances in the design and capacity of vessels;
·
potential conversion of vessels for alternative use;
·
changes in environmental and other regulations that may limit the useful lives of vessels;
8



·
port or canal congestion;
·
the number of vessels that are out of service at a given time; and
·
changes in global petroleum and chemical production.
The factors affecting the supply and demand for tankers have been volatile and are outside of our control, and the nature, timing and degree of changes in industry conditions are unpredictable, including those discussed above. While market conditions generally improved during 2015 and 2016, continued volatility may reduce demand for transportation of oil, petroleum products and chemicals over longer distances and increase the supply of tankers, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, ability to pay dividends and existing contractual obligations.
The international oil tanker industry has experienced volatile charter rates and vessel values and there can be no assurance that these charter rates and vessel values will not decrease in the near future.
The Baltic Dirty Tanker Index, or the BDTI, a U.S. dollar daily average of charter rates issued by the Baltic Exchange that takes into account input from brokers around the world regarding crude oil fixtures for various routes and oil tanker vessel sizes, has been volatile. For example, in 2016, the BDTI reached a high of 1,065 and a low of 496. The Baltic Clean Tanker Index, or BCTI, a comparable index to the BDTI, has similarly been volatile. In 2016, the BCTI reached a high of 719 and a low of 346. Although the BDTI and BCTI were 850 and 644, respectively, as of March 10, 2017, there can be no assurance that the crude oil and petroleum products charter market will increase, and the market could again decline. This volatility in charter rates depends, among other factors, on (i) the demand for crude oil and petroleum products, (ii) the inventories of crude oil and petroleum products in the United States and in other industrialized nations, (iii) oil refining volumes, (iv) oil prices, and (v) any restrictions on crude oil production imposed by the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, or OPEC, and non-OPEC oil producing countries.
If the charter rates in the oil tanker market decline from their current levels, our future earnings may be adversely affected, we may have to record impairment adjustments to the carrying values of our fleet and we may not be able to comply with the financial covenants in our loan agreements.
Volatile economic conditions throughout the world could have an adverse impact on our operations and financial results.
Among other factors, we face risks attendant to changes in economic environments, changes in interest rates, and instability in the banking and securities markets around the world.
The world economy continues to face a number of challenges. Concerns persist regarding the debt burden of certain European countries and their ability to meet future financial obligations and the overall stability of the euro. A renewed period of adverse development in the outlook for the financial stability of European countries, or market perceptions concerning these and related issues, could reduce the overall demand for oil and chemicals, and thus for shipping and our services, and thereby could affect our financial position, results of operations and cash available for distribution. In addition, turmoil and hostilities in the Middle East and other geographic areas and countries may negatively impact the world economy.
A general deterioration in the global economy may also cause a decrease in worldwide demand for certain goods and, thus, shipping. In the past, economic and governmental factors, together with concurrent declines in charter rates and vessel values, have had a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows, causing the price of our common shares to decline.
9



Further, the economic slowdown in China has and may continue to exacerbate the effect on us of any slowdown in the rest of the world. Specifically, China currently has one of the world's fastest growing economies in terms of gross domestic product, or GDP, which had a significant impact on shipping demand. The growth rate of China's GDP for the year ended December 31, 2016 was estimated to be around 6.7%, the slowest growth rate in twenty-five years. China and other countries in the Asia Pacific region may continue to experience slow or even negative economic growth in the future. Our financial condition and results of operations, as well as our future prospects, would likely be impeded by a continuing or worsening economic downturn in any of these countries.
European countries have likewise experienced relatively slow growth. Over the past several years, the credit markets in Europe have experienced significant contraction, deleveraging and reduced liquidity, and European authorities continue to implement a broad variety of governmental action and/or new regulation of the financial markets. Worldwide economic conditions have in the past impacted, and could in the future impact, lenders' willingness to provide credit to us and our customers. In addition, a portion of the credit under our credit facilities is provided by European banking institutions. If economic conditions in Europe preclude or limit financing from these banking institutions, we may not be able to obtain financing from other institutions on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all, even if conditions outside Europe remain favorable for lending.
The current state of the global financial markets and current economic conditions may adversely impact our ability to obtain financing on acceptable terms and may otherwise negatively impact our business.
Global financial markets and economic conditions have been volatile. This volatility has negatively affected the general willingness of banks and other financial institutions to extend credit, particularly to the shipping industry, due to the historically volatile values of vessels. The shipping industry, which is highly dependent on the availability of credit to finance and expand operations, has been negatively affected by this decline.
As a result of concerns about the stability of financial markets generally and the solvency of counterparties specifically, the cost of obtaining money from the credit markets has increased as many lenders have increased interest rates, enacted tighter lending standards, refused to refinance existing debt on terms similar to current debt and reduced, and in some cases ceased, to provide funding to borrowers. Due to these factors, we cannot be certain that financing will be available if needed and to the extent required, on acceptable terms. If financing is not available when needed, or is available only on unfavorable terms, we may be unable to meet our obligations as they come due or we may be unable to enhance our existing business, complete additional vessel acquisitions or otherwise take advantage of business opportunities as they arise.
The instability of the Euro or the inability of countries to refinance their debts could have a material adverse effect on our revenue, profitability and financial position.
As a result of the credit crisis in Europe, the European Commission created the European Financial Stability Facility, or the EFSF, and the European Financial Stability Mechanism, or the EFSM, to provide funding to Eurozone countries in financial difficulties that seek such support. In 2011, the European Council agreed on the need for Eurozone countries to establish a permanent stability mechanism and as a result, the European Stability Mechanism, or the ESM, was established in 2012 to assume the role of the EFSF and the EFSM in providing external financial assistance to Eurozone countries. Despite these measures, concerns persist regarding the debt burden of certain Eurozone countries and their ability to meet future financial obligations and the overall stability of the Euro. An extended period of adverse development in the outlook for European countries could reduce the overall demand for oil, petroleum products and chemicals and consequently for our services. These potential developments, or market perceptions concerning these and related issues, could affect our financial position, results of operations and cash flow.
10



We are subject to complex laws and regulations, including environmental regulations that can adversely affect the cost, manner or feasibility of doing business.
Our operations are subject to numerous laws and regulations in the form of international conventions and treaties, national, state and local laws and national and international regulations in force in the jurisdictions in which our vessels will operate or are registered, which can significantly affect the operation of our vessels. These regulations include, but are not limited to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships of 1973, as from time to time amended and generally referred to as MARPOL, including the designation of Emission Control Areas, or ECAs, thereunder, the International Convention on Load Lines of 1966, the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage of 1969, generally referred to as CLC, the International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage, or Bunker Convention, the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea of 1974, or SOLAS, the International Safety Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and for Pollution Prevention, or ISM Code, the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments, or the BWM Convention, the U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990, or OPA, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, or CERCLA, the U.S. Clean Water Act, the U.S. Clean Air Act, the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act, the U.S. Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002, or the MTSA, and European Union regulations. Compliance with such laws, regulations and standards, where applicable, may require installation of costly equipment or operational changes and may affect the resale value or useful lives of our vessels. We may also incur additional costs in order to comply with other existing and future regulatory obligations, including, but not limited to, costs relating to air emissions, the management of ballast waters, maintenance and inspection, development and implementation of emergency procedures and insurance coverage or other financial assurance of our ability to address pollution incidents. These costs could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. A failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations may result in administrative and civil penalties, criminal sanctions or the suspension or termination of our operations.
Environmental laws often impose strict liability for remediation of spills and releases of oil and hazardous substances, which could subject us to liability without regard to whether we were negligent or at fault. Under OPA, for example, owners, operators and bareboat charterers are jointly and severally strictly liable for the discharge of oil within the 200-mile exclusive economic zone around the United States. Events such as the 2010 explosion of the Deepwater Horizon and the subsequent release of oil into the Gulf of Mexico, or other events, may result in further regulation of the shipping industry, and modifications to statutory liability schemes, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. An oil spill could result in significant liability, including fines, penalties and criminal liability and remediation costs for natural resource damages under other federal, state and local laws, as well as third-party damages. We are required to satisfy insurance and financial responsibility requirements for potential oil (including marine fuel) spills and other pollution incidents. Although insurance covers certain environmental risks, there can be no assurance that such insurance will be sufficient to cover all such risks or that any claims will not have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition and our ability to pay dividends, if any, in the future.
We are subject to international safety regulations and requirements imposed by classification societies and the failure to comply with these regulations may subject us to increased liability, may adversely affect our insurance coverage and may result in a denial of access to, or detention in, certain ports.
The operation of our vessels is affected by the requirements set forth in the United Nations' International Maritime Organization's International Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and Pollution Prevention, or ISM Code. The ISM Code requires ship owners, ship managers and bareboat charterers to develop and maintain an extensive "Safety Management System" that includes the adoption of a safety and environmental protection policy setting forth instructions and procedures for safe operation and describing procedures for dealing with emergencies. We expect that any vessels that we acquire in the future will be ISM Code-certified when delivered to us. The failure of a shipowner or bareboat charterer to comply with the ISM Code may subject it to increased liability, may invalidate existing insurance or decrease available insurance coverage for the affected vessels and may result in a denial of access to, or detention in, certain ports, including United States and European Union ports.

11



In addition, the hull and machinery of every commercial vessel must be classed by a classification society authorized by its country of registry. The classification society certifies that a vessel is safe and seaworthy in accordance with the applicable rules and regulations of the country of registry of the vessel and the International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea. If a vessel does not maintain its class and/or fails any annual survey, intermediate survey or special survey, the vessel will be unable to trade between ports and will be unemployable, which will negatively impact our revenues and results from operations.
Climate change and greenhouse gas restrictions may adversely impact our operations and markets.
Due to concern over the risk of climate change, a number of countries and the IMO have adopted regulatory frameworks to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. These regulatory measures may include, among others, adoption of cap and trade regimes, carbon taxes, increased efficiency standards, and incentives or mandates for renewable energy. In addition, although the emissions of greenhouse gases from international shipping currently are not subject to the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change or the Paris Agreement, a new treaty may be adopted in the future that includes restrictions on shipping emissions. Compliance with changes in laws, regulations and obligations relating to climate change could increase our costs related to operating and maintaining our vessels and require us to install new emission controls, acquire allowances or pay taxes related to our greenhouse gas emissions, or administer and manage a greenhouse gas emissions program. Revenue generation and strategic growth opportunities may also be adversely affected.
Adverse effects upon the oil and gas industry relating to climate change, including growing public concern about the environmental impact of climate change, may also adversely affect demand for our services. For example, increased regulation of greenhouse gases or other concerns relating to climate change may reduce the demand for oil and gas in the future or create greater incentives for use of alternative energy sources. Any long-term material adverse effect on the oil and gas industry could have a significant adverse financial and operational impact on our business that we cannot predict with certainty at this time.
Our vessels may suffer damage due to the inherent operational risks of the tanker industry and we may experience unexpected dry-docking costs, which may adversely affect our business and financial condition.
The operation of an ocean-going vessel carries inherent risks. Our vessels and their cargoes are at risk of being damaged or lost because of events such as marine disasters, bad weather and other acts of God, business interruptions caused by mechanical failures, grounding, fire, explosions and collisions, human error, war, terrorism, piracy and other circumstances or events. These hazards may result in death or injury to persons, loss of revenues or property, the payment of ransoms, environmental damage, higher insurance rates, damage to our customer relationships or delay or re-routing, which may also subject us to litigation. In addition, the operation of tankers has unique operational risks associated with the transportation of oil or chemicals. An oil or chemical spill may cause significant environmental damage, and the costs associated with a catastrophic spill could exceed the insurance coverage available to us. Compared to other types of vessels, tankers are exposed to a higher risk of damage and loss by fire, whether ignited by a terrorist attack, collision, or other cause, due to the high flammability and high volume of the oil and chemicals transported in such tankers.
If our vessels suffer damage, they may need to be repaired at a dry-docking facility. The costs of dry-dock repairs are unpredictable and may be substantial. We may have to pay dry-docking costs that our insurance does not cover in full. The loss of earnings while these vessels are being repaired and repositioned, as well as the actual cost of these repairs, would decrease our earnings. In addition, space at dry-docking facilities is sometimes limited and not all dry-docking facilities are conveniently located. We may be unable to find space at a suitable dry-docking facility or our vessels may be forced to travel to a dry-docking facility that is not conveniently located to our vessels' positions. The loss of earnings while these vessels are forced to wait for space or to steam to more distant dry-docking facilities would decrease our earnings.
In the case of bareboat chartered-out vessels, dry-docking risks, expenses and loss of hire or freight revenue affect the bareboat charterer and not the shipowner, for the duration of the bareboat charter. In the case of our bareboat chartered-in vessels, dry-docking risks, expenses and loss of hire or freight revenue affect us. Currently we do not employ any of our vessels on bareboat charters.

12




The market value of our vessels, and those we may acquire in the future, may fluctuate significantly, which could cause us to incur losses if we decide to sell them following a decline in their market values or we may be required to write down their carrying value, which will adversely affect our earnings.
The fair market value of our vessels may increase and decrease depending on the following factors:
·
general economic and market conditions affecting the shipping industry;
·
prevailing level of charter rates;
·
competition from other shipping companies;
·
types, sizes and ages of vessels;
·
the availability of other modes of transportation;
·
supply and demand for vessels;
·
shipyard capacity;
·
cost of newbuildings;
·
price of steel;
·
governmental or other regulations; and
·
technological advances.
If we sell any vessel at a time when vessel prices have fallen, the sale price may be less than the vessel's carrying amount in our financial statements, in which case we will realize a loss. Vessel prices can fluctuate significantly, and in the case where the market value falls below the carrying amount, we will evaluate the vessel for a potential impairment adjustment.  If the estimate of undiscounted cash flows, excluding interest charges, expected to be generated by the use of the vessel is less than its carrying amount, we may be required to write down the carrying amount of the vessel to its fair value in our financial statements and incur a loss and a reduction in earnings. See "Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—A. Operating Results—Critical Accounting Policies—Impairment of Vessels."
An over-supply of tanker capacity may lead to reductions in charter hire rates and profitability.
The market supply of tankers is affected by a number of factors such as demand for energy resources, crude oil, petroleum products and chemicals, as well as strong overall economic growth of the world economy. If the capacity of new tankers delivered exceeds the capacity of such tankers being scrapped and lost, vessel capacity will increase, which could lead to reductions in charter rates. As of March 10, 2017, newbuilding orders have been placed for an aggregate of approximately 12.4% of the existing global tanker fleet with the bulk of deliveries expected during 2017.
An over-supply of oil tankers has already resulted in an increase in oil tanker charter hire rate volatility. If this volatility persists, we may not be able to find profitable charters for our vessels, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition and ability to pay dividends.

13



Our vessels may call on ports located in countries that are subject to restrictions imposed by the U.S. or other governments, which could adversely affect our business, reputation and the market for our common stock.
During the year ended December 31, 2016, none of our vessels have called on ports located in countries subject to sanctions and embargoes imposed by the U.S. government and other authorities or countries identified by the U.S. government or other authorities as state sponsors of terrorism, such as Iran, Sudan and Syria. However, from time to time on charterers' instructions, vessels in our fleet may call on such ports, despite provisions in our charters prohibiting charterers from calling on ports in countries that are subject to U.S., European Union and United Nations sanctions. The U.S. sanctions and embargo laws and regulations vary in their application, as they do not all apply to the same covered persons or proscribe the same activities, and such sanctions and embargo laws and regulations may be amended or strengthened over time. In 2010, the U.S. enacted the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions Accountability and Divestment Act, or CISADA, which expanded the scope of the Iran Sanctions Act. Among other things, CISADA expands the application of the prohibitions to companies such as ours and introduces limits on the ability of companies and persons to do business or trade with Iran when such activities relate to the investment, supply or export of refined petroleum or petroleum products. In addition, in 2012, President Obama signed Executive Order 13608 which prohibits foreign persons from violating or attempting to violate, or causing a violation of any sanctions in effect against Iran or facilitating any deceptive transactions for or on behalf of any person subject to U.S. sanctions. Any persons found to be in violation of Executive Order 13608 will be deemed a foreign sanctions evader and will be banned from all contacts with the United States, including conducting business in U.S. dollars. Also in 2012, President Obama signed into law the Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act of 2012, or the Iran Threat Reduction Act, which created new sanctions and strengthened existing sanctions. Among other things, the Iran Threat Reduction Act intensifies existing sanctions regarding the provision of goods, services, infrastructure or technology to Iran's petroleum or petrochemical sector. The Iran Threat Reduction Act also includes a provision requiring the President of the United States to impose five or more sanctions from Section 6(a) of the Iran Sanctions Act, as amended, on a person the President determines is a controlling beneficial owner of, or otherwise owns, operates, or controls or insures a vessel that was used to transport crude oil from Iran to another country and (1) if the person is a controlling beneficial owner of the vessel, the person had actual knowledge the vessel was so used or (2) if the person otherwise owns, operates, or controls, or insures the vessel, the person knew or should have known the vessel was so used. Such a person could be subject to a variety of sanctions, including exclusion from U.S. capital markets, exclusion from financial transactions subject to U.S. jurisdiction, and exclusion of that person's vessels from U.S. ports for up to two years.
On November 24, 2013, the P5+1 (the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Russia and China) entered into an interim agreement with Iran entitled the "Joint Plan of Action," or the JPOA. Under the JPOA, it was agreed that, in exchange for Iran taking certain voluntary measures to ensure that its nuclear program is used only for peaceful purposes, the U.S. and European Union would voluntarily suspend certain sanctions for a period of six months. On January 20, 2014, the U.S. and European Union indicated that they would begin implementing the temporary relief measures provided for under the JPOA. These measures included, among other things, the suspension of certain sanctions on the Iranian petrochemicals, precious metals, and automotive industries from January 20, 2014 until July 20, 2014. The JPOA was subsequently extended twice.
On July 14, 2015, the P5+1 and the European Union announced that they reached a landmark agreement with Iran titled the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action Regarding the Islamic Republic of Iran's Nuclear Program, or the JCPOA, which is intended to significantly restrict Iran's ability to develop and produce nuclear weapons for 10 years while simultaneously easing sanctions directed toward non-U.S. persons for conduct involving Iran, but taking place outside of U.S. jurisdiction and does not involve U.S. persons. On January 16, 2016 ("Implementation Day"), the United States joined the European Union and the U.N. in lifting a significant number of their nuclear-related sanctions on Iran following an announcement by the International Atomic Energy Agency, or the IAEA, that Iran had satisfied its respective obligations under the JCPOA.
14



U.S. sanctions prohibiting certain conduct that is now permitted under the JCPOA have not actually been repealed or permanently terminated at this time. Rather, the U.S. government has implemented changes to the sanctions regime by: (1) issuing waivers of certain statutory sanctions provisions; (2) committing to refrain from exercising certain discretionary sanctions authorities; (3) removing certain individuals and entities from OFAC's sanctions lists; and (4) revoking certain Executive Orders and specified sections of Executive Orders. These sanctions will not be permanently "lifted" until the earlier of "Transition Day," set to occur on October 20, 2023, or upon a report from the IAEA stating that all nuclear material in Iran is being used for peaceful activities.
Due to the nature of our business and the evolving nature of the foregoing sanctions and embargo laws and regulations, there can be no assurance that we will be in compliance at all times in the future, particularly as the scope of certain laws may be unclear and may be subject to changing interpretations. Any such violation could result in fines, penalties or other sanctions that could severely impact our ability to access U.S. capital markets and conduct our business, and could result in some investors deciding, or being required, to divest their interest, or not to invest, in us. In addition, certain institutional investors may have investment policies or restrictions that prevent them from holding securities of companies that have contracts with countries identified by the U.S. government as state sponsors of terrorism. The determination by these investors not to invest in, or to divest from, our common stock may adversely affect the price at which our common stock trades. Moreover, our charterers may violate applicable sanctions and embargo laws and regulations as a result of actions that do not involve us or our vessels, and those violations could in turn negatively affect our reputation. In addition, our reputation and the market for our securities may be adversely affected if we engage in certain other activities, such as entering into charters with individuals or entities in countries subject to U.S. sanctions and embargo laws that are not controlled by the governments of those countries, or engaging in operations associated with those countries pursuant to contracts with third parties that are unrelated to those countries or entities controlled by their governments. Investor perception of the value of our common stock may be adversely affected by the consequences of war, the effects of terrorism, civil unrest and governmental actions in these and surrounding countries.
World events could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
The continuing conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and the presence of the United States and other armed forces in Afghanistan and Syria, may lead to additional acts of terrorism and armed conflict around the world, which may contribute to further economic instability in the global financial markets. These uncertainties could also adversely affect our ability to obtain additional financing or, if we are able to obtain financing, to do so on terms unfavorable to us. In the past, political conflicts have also resulted in attacks on vessels, mining of waterways and other efforts to disrupt international shipping. Acts of terrorism and piracy have also affected vessels trading in regions such as the South China Sea and the Gulf of Aden off the coast of Somalia. Any of these occurrences could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Acts of piracy on ocean-going vessels could adversely affect our business.
Acts of piracy have historically affected ocean-going vessels trading in regions of the world such as the South China Sea, the Arabian Sea, the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden off the coast of Somalia, the Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Guinea. Sea piracy incidents continue to occur. Acts of piracy could result in harm or danger to the crews that man our vessels.  If insurers or the Joint War Committee characterize the regions in which our vessels are deployed as "war risk" zones or "war and strikes" listed areas," respectively, premiums payable for insurance coverage could increase significantly and such coverage may be more difficult to obtain if available at all. In addition, crew costs, including costs that may be incurred to the extent we employ onboard security guards, could increase in such circumstances. We may not be adequately insured to cover losses from these incidents, which could have a material adverse effect on us. In addition, detention hijacking as a result of an act of piracy against our vessels, or an increase in cost or unavailability of insurance for our vessels, could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition and ability to pay dividends and may result in loss of revenues, increased costs and decreased cash flows to our customers, which could impair their ability to make payments to us under our charters.
15



Changes in the economic and political environment in China and policies adopted by the Chinese government to regulate its economy may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The Chinese economy differs from the economies of most countries belonging to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, or OECD, in respects such as structure, government involvement, level of development, growth rate, capital reinvestment, allocation of resources, rate of inflation and balance of payments position. Prior to 1978, the Chinese economy was a planned economy. Since 1978, increasing emphasis has been placed on the utilization of market forces in the development of the Chinese economy. Annual and five-year plans, or State Plans, are adopted by the Chinese government in connection with the development of the economy. Although state-owned enterprises still account for a substantial portion of the Chinese industrial output, in general, the Chinese government is reducing the level of direct control that it exercises over the economy through State Plans and other measures. There is an increasing level of freedom and autonomy in areas such as allocation of resources, production, pricing and management and a gradual shift in emphasis to a "market economy" and enterprise reform. Limited price reforms were undertaken, with the result that prices for certain commodities are principally determined by market forces. Many of the reforms are unprecedented or experimental and may be subject to revision, change or abolition based upon the outcome of such experiments. If the Chinese government does not continue to pursue a policy of economic reform, the level of imports to and exports from China could be adversely affected and could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.
Increased inspection procedures and tighter import and export controls could increase costs and disrupt our business.
International shipping is subject to various security and customs inspection and related procedures in countries of origin and destination. Inspection procedures can result in the seizure of, delay in the loading, off-loading or delivery of, the contents of our vessels or the levying of customs duties, fines or other penalties against us. It is possible that changes to inspection procedures could impose additional financial and legal obligations on us. Furthermore, changes to inspection procedures could also impose additional costs and obligations on our customers and may, in certain cases, render the shipment of certain types of cargo uneconomical or impractical. Any such changes or developments may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
RISKS RELATED TO OUR COMPANY
Our operating fleet consists of six MR product tankers. Any limitation in the availability or operation of these vessels could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
As of the date of this annual report, our operating fleet consists of two chartered-in 49,737 dwt product/chemical tankers vessels, the M/T Stenaweco Energy and the M/T Stenaweco Evolution, two 39,208 dwt product/chemical tankers vessels, the M/T Eco Fleet and the M/T Eco Revolution, and two 49,737 dwt product/chemical tankers, the M/T Stenaweco Excellence and M/T Nord Valiant. We have also acquired, through our wholly-owned subsidiary, Style Maritime Ltd., a 40% ownership interest in Eco Seven Inc., a Marshall Islands corporation, from Malibu Shipmanagement Co., a Marshall Islands corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of the Lax Trust, an irrevocable trust established for the benefit of certain family members of Mr. Evangelos Pistiolis, our President, Chief Executive Officer and Director, or the Lax Trust. Eco Seven currently owns the M/T Stenaweco Elegance, a 50,118 dwt product/chemical tanker that was delivered from Hyundai Mipo Dockyard Co., Ltd., or Hyundai, on February 28, 2017. If these vessels are unable to generate revenue as a result of off-hire time, early termination of the applicable time charter or otherwise, our business, results of operations, financial condition and ability to pay dividends on our common shares could be materially adversely affected.
16



We expect to be dependent on a limited number of customers for a large part of our revenues, and failure of such counterparties to meet their obligations could cause us to suffer losses or negatively impact our results of operations and cash flows.
In the future, we may enter into various contracts, including pooling arrangements, charter agreements, shipbuilding contracts and credit facilities. Currently, we have entered into charter agreements, and credit facilities. However, all of our revenues are currently derived from three charterers, Stena Weco A/S, BP Shipping Limited, and Dampskibsselskabet NORDEN A/S. Such agreements subject us to counterparty risks. The ability of each of our counterparties to perform its obligations under a contract with us will depend on a number of factors that are beyond our control and may include, among other things, general economic conditions, the condition of the maritime industry, the overall financial condition of the counterparty, charter rates received for specific types of vessels, and various expenses. The combination of a reduction of cash flow resulting from declines in world trade, a reduction in borrowing bases under reserve-based credit facilities and the lack of availability of debt or equity financing may result in a significant reduction in the ability of charterers to make charter payments to us. In addition, in depressed market conditions, charterers and customers may no longer need a vessel that is then under charter or contract or may be able to obtain a comparable vessel at lower rates. As a result, charterers and customers may seek to renegotiate the terms of their existing charter agreements or avoid their obligations under those contracts. Should one of our counterparties fail to honor its obligations under agreements with us, we could sustain significant losses that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
The bareboat charters in connection with our sale and leaseback agreements contain restrictive covenants that may limit our liquidity and corporate activities, and could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
The bareboat charters in connection with the sale and leaseback agreements for the M/T Stenaweco Energy and the M/T Stenaweco Evolution contain, and any future sale and leaseback agreements we may enter into are expected to contain, customary covenants and event of default clauses, including cross-default provisions and restrictive covenants and performance requirements that may affect our operational and financial flexibility. Such restrictions could affect, and in many respects limit or prohibit, among other things, our ability to incur additional indebtedness, create liens, sell assets, or engage in mergers or acquisitions. These restrictions could also limit our ability to plan for or react to market conditions or meet extraordinary capital needs or otherwise restrict corporate activities. There can be no assurance that such restrictions will not adversely affect our ability to finance our future operations or capital needs.
Our bareboat charters in connection with the sale and leaseback agreements require us to maintain specified financial ratios, satisfy financial covenants and contain cross-default clauses, including the following:
·
maintain a consolidated leverage ratio of not more than 75%; and
·
maintain minimum free liquidity of $0.75 million per owned vessel and $0.5 million per bareboated chartered-in vessel.
As of December 31, 2016, we are in compliance with the consolidated leverage ratio and the minimum free liquidity covenants in our sale and leaseback agreements.
As a result of the restrictions in our bareboat charters in connection with our sale and leaseback agreements, or similar restrictions in our future sale and leaseback agreements, we may need to seek permission from the owners of our leased vessels in order to engage in certain corporate actions. Their interests may be different from ours and we may not be able to obtain their permission when needed. This may prevent us from taking actions that we believe are in our best interest, which may adversely impact our revenues, results of operations and financial condition.
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A failure by us to meet our payment and other obligations, including our financial covenant requirements, could lead to defaults under our bareboat charters in connection with our sale and leaseback agreement or any future sale and leaseback agreements. If we are not in compliance with our covenants and we are not able to obtain covenant waivers or modifications, the current or future owners of our leased vessels, as appropriate, could retake possession of our vessels or require us to pay down our indebtedness to a level where we are in compliance with our covenants or sell vessels in our fleet. We could lose our vessels if we default on our bareboat charters in connection with the sale and leaseback agreements, which would negatively affect our revenues, results of operations and financial condition.
Our credit facilities and the Statement of Designations of our Series C Convertible Preferred Shares contain restrictive covenants that limit our business and financing activities.
The operating and financial restrictions and covenants in our ABN Senior Credit Facility, or the ABN Facility, Norddeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale Bank of Germany Facility, or the NORD/LB Facility, and any new or amended credit facility we enter into in the future, and the Statement of Designations of our Series C Convertible Preferred Shares could adversely affect our ability to finance future operations or capital needs or to engage, expand or pursue our business activities.
For example, our ABN Facility and NORD/LB Facility require the consent of our lenders to, among other things:
·
incur or guarantee indebtedness outside of our ordinary course of business;
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charge, pledge or encumber our vessels;
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change the flag, class, management or ownership of our vessels;
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change the commercial and technical management of our vessels; and
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sell or change the beneficial ownership or control of our vessels.
Likewise, pursuant to the Statement of Designations of our Series C Convertible Preferred Shares, we cannot (i) incur or guarantee indebtedness other than in the ordinary course of business and to an extent consistent with past practice and necessary and desirable for the prudent operation of our business and (ii) pay cash dividends on any shares of our capital stock (other than on our Series C Convertible Preferred Shares) without the prior written consent of the investor.
Further, our credit facilities require us to satisfy certain financial and other covenants. Please see "Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources." In general, these financial covenants require us to maintain, among other things, a minimum ratio of total net debt to the aggregate market value of our fleet and minimum free consolidated liquidity per collateralized vessel. A breach of any of these, or other, covenants in our credit facilities would prevent us from borrowing additional money under our credit facilities and could constitute an event of default under our credit facilities, which, unless cured within the grace period set forth under the credit facility, if applicable, or waived or modified by our lenders, may provide our lenders with the right to, among other things, require us to post additional collateral, enhance our equity and liquidity, increase our interest payments, pay down our indebtedness to a level where we are in compliance with our loan covenants, sell vessels in our fleet and accelerate our indebtedness and foreclose their liens on our vessels and the other assets securing the credit facilities, which would impair our ability to continue to conduct our business.
Our ability to comply with the covenants and restrictions contained in our current or future credit facilities may be affected by events beyond our control, including prevailing economic, financial and industry conditions, interest rate developments, changes in the funding costs of our banks and changes in vessel earnings and asset valuations. If market or other economic conditions deteriorate, our ability to comply with these covenants may be impaired. If we are in breach of any of the restrictions, covenants, ratios or tests in our current or future credit facilities, or if we trigger a cross-default contained in our current or future credit facilities, a significant portion of our obligations may become immediately due and payable. We may not have, or be able to obtain, sufficient funds to make these accelerated payments. In addition, obligations under our current and future credit facilities are and are expected to be secured by our vessels, and if we are unable to repay debt under our current or future credit facilities, the lenders could seek to foreclose on those assets.

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Furthermore, if the estimated asset values of the vessels in our fleet decrease, such decreases may limit the amounts we can draw down under our future credit facilities to purchase additional vessels and our ability to expand our fleet. In addition, we may be obligated to prepay part of our outstanding debt in order to remain in compliance with the relevant covenants in our current or future credit facilities. If funds under our current or future credit facilities become unavailable as a result of a breach of our covenants or otherwise, we may not be able to perform our business strategy which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition and our ability to pay dividends.
Servicing current and future debt will limit funds available for other purposes and impair our ability to react to changes in our business.
We must dedicate a portion of our cash flow from operations to pay the principal and interest on our indebtedness. These payments limit funds otherwise available for working capital, capital expenditures and other purposes. As of December 31, 2016, we had a total indebtedness of $86.1 million, excluding deferred finance fees. Our current or future debt could have other significant consequences on our operations. For example, it could:
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increase our vulnerability to general economic downturns and adverse competitive and industry conditions;
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require us to dedicate a substantial portion, if not all, of our cash flow from operations to payments on our indebtedness, thereby reducing the availability of our cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures and other general corporate purposes;
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limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry in which we operate;
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place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to competitors that have less debt or better access to capital;
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limit our ability to raise additional financing on satisfactory terms or at all; and
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adversely impact our ability to comply with the financial and other restrictive covenants of our current or future financing arrangements, which could result in an event of default under such agreements.
Furthermore, our current or future interest expense could increase if interest rates increase. If we do not have sufficient earnings, we may be required to refinance all or part of our current or future debt, sell assets, borrow more money or sell more securities, and we cannot guarantee that the resulting proceeds therefrom, if any, will be sufficient to meet our ongoing capital and operating needs.
If we fail to manage our planned growth properly, we may not be able to successfully expand our market share.
We intend to continue to grow our fleet in the future. Our future growth will primarily depend on our ability to:
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generate excess cash flow for investment without jeopardizing our ability to cover current and foreseeable working capital needs (including debt service);
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raise equity and obtain required financing for our existing and new operations;
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locate and acquire suitable vessels;
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·
identify and consummate acquisitions or joint ventures;
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integrate any acquired business successfully with our existing operations;
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hire, train and retain qualified personnel and crew to manage and operate our growing business and fleet;
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enhance our customer base; and
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manage expansion.
Growing any business by acquisition presents numerous risks such as undisclosed liabilities and obligations, difficulty in obtaining additional qualified personnel, managing relationships with customers and suppliers and integrating newly acquired operations into existing infrastructures. We may not be successful in executing our growth plans and we may incur significant additional expenses and losses in connection therewith.
Future newbuilding projects are subject to risks that could cause delays.
We may in the future enter into additional newbuilding projects. Newbuilding construction projects are subject to risks of delay inherent in any large construction project caused by numerous factors, including shortages of equipment, materials or skilled labor, unscheduled delays in the delivery of ordered materials and equipment or shipyard construction, failure of equipment to meet quality and/or performance standards, financial or operating difficulties experienced by equipment vendors or the shipyard, unanticipated actual or purported change orders, inability to obtain required permits or approvals, design or engineering changes and work stoppages and other labor disputes, adverse weather conditions, bankruptcy or other financial crisis of the shipyard, a backlog of orders at the shipyard, or any other events of force majeure. A shipyard's failure to complete the project on time may result in the delay of revenue from the vessel. Any such failure or delay could have a material adverse effect on our operating results as we will continue to incur other costs to operate our business.
Further, we will need to incur additional borrowings or raise capital through the sale of additional equity or debt securities to acquire any additional vessels in the future. Our ability to obtain bank financing or to access the capital markets for future offerings may be limited by our financial condition at the time of any such financing or offering as well as by adverse market conditions resulting from, among other things, general economic conditions and contingencies and uncertainties that are beyond our control. If we are not able to borrow additional funds, raise other capital or utilize available cash on hand, we may not be able to acquire other newbuilding or secondhand vessels, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Our ability to obtain additional debt financing may be dependent on our ability to charter our vessels, the performance of our charters and the creditworthiness of our charterers.
Our inability to re-charter our vessels and the actual or perceived credit quality of our charterers, and any defaults by them, may materially affect our ability to obtain the additional capital resources that we will require to purchase additional vessels or may significantly increase our costs of obtaining such capital. Our inability to obtain financing, or receiving financing at a higher than anticipated cost, may materially affect our results of operation and our ability to implement our business strategy.
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The industry for the operation of tanker vessels and the transportation of oil, petroleum products and chemicals is highly competitive and we may not be able to compete for charters with new entrants or established companies with greater resources.
We will employ our tankers and any additional vessels we may acquire in a highly competitive market that is capital intensive and highly fragmented. The operation of tanker vessels and the transportation of cargoes shipped in these vessels, as well as the shipping industry in general, is extremely competitive. Competition arises primarily from other vessel owners, including major oil companies as well as independent tanker shipping companies, some of whom have substantially greater resources than we do. Competition for the transportation of oil, petroleum products and chemicals can be intense and depends on price, location, size, age, condition and the acceptability of the vessel and its operators to the charterers. Due in part to the highly fragmented market, competitors with greater resources could enter and operate larger fleets through consolidations or acquisitions that may be able to offer better prices and fleets than us.
A limited number of financial institutions hold our cash.
A limited number of financial institutions, including institutions located in Greece, hold all of our cash. Our cash balances have been deposited from time to time with banks in Monaco, Germany, Holland, United Kingdom and Greece amongst others. Our cash balances are not covered by insurance in the event of default by these financial institutions. The occurrence of such a default could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, and we may lose part or all of our cash that we deposit with such banks.
As a result of the ongoing economic downturn in Greece resulting from the sovereign debt crisis and the related austerity measures implemented by the Greek government, our management operations in Greece may be negatively affected.
Following the national elections in Greece in September 2015, the previous government has been kept in place. While the government announced its commitment to the European Union and the Euro, it is required to implement in return a new Memorandum of Understanding between Greece and the "Troika", comprised of the European Commission, the IMF and the ECB, including numerous austerity measures that could potentially result in increased taxation on shipping companies. These and related developments may have adverse effects on the Greek economy as well as the political and regulatory environment in Greece. While we believe that any resulting effects on managing our business and operations would be limited, it is possible that these developments could adversely affect our operations based in Greece.
We may be subject to litigation that, if not resolved in our favor and not sufficiently insured against, could have a material adverse effect on us.
We may be, from time to time, involved in various litigation matters. These matters may include, among other things, contract disputes, personal injury claims, environmental claims or proceedings, asbestos and other toxic tort claims, employment matters, governmental claims for taxes or duties, securities litigation, and other litigation that arises in the ordinary course of our business. Although we intend to defend these matters vigorously, we cannot predict with certainty the outcome or effect of any claim or other litigation matter, and the ultimate outcome of any litigation or the potential costs to resolve them may have a material adverse effect on us. Insurance may not be applicable or sufficient in all cases and/or insurers may not remain solvent, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.

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We may be unable to attract and retain key management personnel and other employees in the international tanker shipping industry, which may negatively impact the effectiveness of our management and our results of operations.
Our success depends to a significant extent upon the abilities and efforts of our management team. All of our executive officers are employees of Central Mare Inc., or Central Mare, a related party affiliated with the family of Evangelos J. Pistiolis, our President, Chief Executive Officer and Director, and we have entered into agreements with Central Mare for the compensation of Evangelos J. Pistiolis, our President, Chief Executive Officer and Director; Alexandros Tsirikos, our Chief Financial Officer and Director; Vangelis Ikonomou, our Executive Vice President, Chairman and Director; and Demetris Souroullas, our Chief Technical Officer. The loss of any of these individuals could adversely affect our business prospects and financial condition. Difficulty in hiring and retaining personnel could adversely affect our results of operations. We do not maintain "key man" life insurance on any of our officers.
If labor interruptions are not resolved in a timely manner, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition and available cash.
Central Shipping Monaco SAM, which we refer to as our Fleet Manager or CSM, a related party affiliated with the family of Evangelos J. Pistiolis, our President, Chief Executive Officer and Director, is responsible for recruiting, mainly through a crewing agent, the senior officers and all other crew members for our vessels and all other vessels we may acquire. If not resolved in a timely and cost-effective manner, industrial action or other labor unrest could prevent or hinder our operations from being carried out as we expect and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition and available cash.
If we expand our business, we will need to improve our operations and financial systems and staff; if we cannot improve these systems or recruit suitable employees, our performance may be adversely affected.
Our current operating and financial systems may not be adequate if we implement a plan to expand the size of our fleet, and our attempts to improve those systems may be ineffective. If we are unable to operate our financial and operations systems effectively or to recruit suitable employees as we expand our fleet, our performance may be adversely affected.
A drop in spot charter rates may provide an incentive for some charterers to default on their charters, which could affect our cash flow and financial condition.
When we enter into a time charter or bareboat charter, rates under that charter are fixed throughout the term of the charter. If the spot charter rates in the tanker shipping industry become significantly lower than the time charter equivalent rates that some of our charterers are obligated to pay us under our then existing charters, the charterers may have incentive to default under that charter or attempt to renegotiate the charter. If our charterers fail to pay their obligations, we would have to attempt to re-charter our vessels at lower charter rates, and as a result we could sustain significant losses which could have a material adverse effect on our cash flow and financial condition, which would affect our ability to meet our current or future loans or current leaseback obligations. If our current or future lenders choose to accelerate our indebtedness and foreclose their liens, or if the owners of our leased vessels choose to repossess vessels in our fleet as a result of a default under the sale and leaseback agreements, our ability to continue to conduct our business would be impaired.
An increase in operating costs could decrease earnings and available cash.
Vessel operating costs include the costs of crew, fuel (for spot chartered vessels), provisions, deck and engine stores, insurance and maintenance and repairs, which depend on a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control. Some of these costs, primarily relating to insurance and enhanced security measures, have been increasing. If any vessels we have or will acquire suffer damage, they may need to be repaired at a dry-docking facility. The costs of dry-docking repairs are unpredictable and can be substantial. Increases in any of these expenses could decrease our earnings and available cash.

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The aging of our fleet may result in increased operating costs in the future, which could adversely affect our earnings.
In general, the cost of maintaining a vessel in good operating condition increases with the age of the vessel. As our fleet ages, operating and other costs will increase. In the case of bareboat charters, operating costs are borne by the bareboat charterer. Cargo insurance rates also increase with the age of a vessel, making older vessels less desirable to charterers. Governmental regulations, including environmental regulations, safety or other equipment standards related to the age of vessels may require expenditures for alterations or the addition of new equipment to our vessels and may restrict the type of activities in which our vessels may engage. As our fleet ages, market conditions might not justify those expenditures or enable us to operate our vessels profitably during the remainder of their useful lives.
Unless we set aside reserves or are able to borrow funds for vessel replacement, our revenue will decline at the end of a vessel's useful life, which would adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Unless we maintain reserves or are able to borrow or raise funds for vessel replacement, we will be unable to replace the vessels in our fleet upon the expiration of their remaining useful lives, which we estimate to be 25 years from the date of initial delivery from the shipyard. Our cash flows and income are dependent on the revenues earned by the chartering of our vessels to customers. If we are unable to replace the vessels in our fleet upon the expiration of their useful lives, our business, results of operations and financial condition will be materially and adversely affected.
Purchasing and operating secondhand vessels may result in increased operating costs and vessels off-hire, which could adversely affect our earnings.
We may expand our fleet through the acquisition of secondhand vessels. While we rigorously inspect previously owned or secondhand vessels prior to purchase, this does not normally provide us with the same knowledge about their condition and cost of any required (or anticipated) repairs that we would have had if these vessels had been built for and operated exclusively by us. Accordingly, we may not discover defects or other problems with such vessels prior to purchase. Any such hidden defects or problems, when detected, may be expensive to repair, and if not detected, may result in accidents or other incidents for which we may become liable to third parties. Also, when purchasing previously owned vessels, we do not receive the benefit of warranties from the builders if the vessels we buy are older than one year. In general, the costs to maintain a vessel in good operating condition increase with the age and type of the vessel. In the case of chartered-in vessels, we run the same risks.
Governmental regulations, safety or other equipment standards related to the age of vessels may require expenditures for alterations, or the addition of new equipment, to our vessels and may restrict the type of activities in which the vessels may engage. As our vessels age, market conditions may not justify those expenditures or enable us to operate our vessels profitably during the remainder of their useful lives.
We may not have adequate insurance to compensate us if we lose any vessels that we acquire.
We carry insurance for all vessels we acquire against those types of risks commonly insured against by vessel owners and operators. These insurances include hull and machinery insurance, protection and indemnity insurance (which includes environmental damage and pollution insurance coverage), freight demurrage and defense and war risk insurance. Reasonable insurance rates can best be obtained when the size and the age/trading profile of the fleet is attractive. As a result, rates become less competitive as a fleet downsizes.
In the future, we may not be able to obtain adequate insurance coverage at reasonable rates for the vessels we acquire. The insurers may not pay particular claims. Our insurance policies also contain deductibles for which we will be responsible as well as limitations and exclusions that may increase our costs or lower our revenue.

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We may be subject to increased premium payments, or calls, as we obtain some of our insurance through protection and indemnity associations.
We may be subject to increased premium payments, or calls, in amounts based on our claim records and the claim records of our Fleet Manager as well as the claim records of other members of the protection and indemnity associations through which we receive insurance coverage for tort liability, including pollution-related liability. In addition, our protection and indemnity associations may not have enough resources to cover claims made against them. Our payment of these calls could result in significant expense to us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
The smuggling of drugs or other contraband onto our vessels may lead to governmental claims against us.
Our vessels may call in ports where smugglers may attempt to hide drugs and other contraband on vessels, with or without the knowledge of crew members. To the extent our vessels are found with contraband, whether inside or attached to the hull of our vessel and whether with or without the knowledge of any of our crew, we may face governmental or other regulatory claims that could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition and ability to pay dividends.
Maritime claimants could arrest vessels we acquire, which could interrupt our cash flow.
Crew members, suppliers of goods and services to a vessel, shippers of cargo and other parties may be entitled to a maritime lien against that vessel for unsatisfied debts, claims or damages. In many jurisdictions, a maritime lienholder may enforce its lien by "arresting" or "attaching" a vessel through foreclosure proceedings. The arrest or attachment of one or more vessels we acquire could result in a significant loss of earnings for the related off-hired period. In addition, in jurisdictions where the "sister ship" theory of liability applies, a claimant may arrest the vessel which is subject to the claimant's maritime lien and any "associated" vessel, which is any vessel owned or controlled by the same owner. In countries with "sister ship" liability laws, claims might be asserted against us or any of our vessels for liabilities of other vessels that we own.
Governments could requisition vessels we acquire during a period of war or emergency, resulting in loss of earnings.
A government could requisition vessels for title or hire. Requisition for title occurs when a government takes control of a vessel and becomes the owner. Requisition for hire occurs when a government takes control of a vessel and effectively becomes the charterer at dictated charter rates. Generally, requisitions occur during a period of war or emergency. Government requisition of any vessels we acquire could negatively impact our revenues should we not receive adequate compensation.
U.S. federal tax authorities could treat us as a "passive foreign investment company," which could have adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. shareholders.
A foreign corporation will be treated as a "passive foreign investment company," or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes if either (1) at least 75% of its gross income for any taxable year consists of certain types of "passive income" or (2) at least 50% of the average value of the corporation's assets produce or are held for the production of those types of "passive income." For purposes of these tests, "passive income" includes dividends, interest, gains from the sale or exchange of investment property and rents and royalties other than rents and royalties which are received from unrelated parties in connection with the active conduct of a trade or business. Income derived from the performance of services does not constitute "passive income" for this purpose. U.S. shareholders of a PFIC are subject to a disadvantageous U.S. federal income tax regime with respect to the income derived by the PFIC, the distributions they receive from the PFIC and the gain, if any, they derive from the sale or other disposition of their shares in the PFIC.

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In general, income derived from the bareboat charter of a vessel should be treated as "passive income" for purposes of determining whether a foreign corporation is a PFIC, and such vessel should be treated as an asset which produces or is held for the production of "passive income."  On the other hand, income derived from the time charter of a vessel should not be treated as "passive income" for such purpose, but rather should be treated as services income; likewise, a time chartered vessel should generally not be treated as an asset which produces or is held for the production of "passive income."
We believe that we were a PFIC for our 2013 taxable year because we believe that at least 50% of the average value of our assets consisted of vessels which were bareboat chartered and at least 75% of our gross income was derived from vessels on bareboat charter. As a result, U.S. shareholders who owned our stock in 2013 may have been subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences, which are discussed herein.
We believe that we were not a PFIC for our 2014 through 2016 taxable years and do not expect to be treated as a PFIC in subsequent taxable years. In this regard, we intend to treat the gross income we derive or are deemed to derive from our time chartering activities as services income, rather than rental income. Accordingly, we believe that our income from our time chartering activities does not constitute ''passive income,'' and the assets that we own and operate in connection with the production of that income do not constitute passive assets.
There is, however, no direct legal authority under the PFIC rules addressing our proposed method of operation. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that the United States Internal Revenue Service, or IRS, or a court of law will accept our position, and there is a risk that the IRS or a court of law could determine that we are a PFIC. Moreover, no assurance can be given that we would not constitute a PFIC for any future taxable year if there were to be changes in the nature and extent of our operations.
Our U.S. shareholders may face adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences and certain information reporting obligations as a result of us being treated as a PFIC.  Under the PFIC rules, unless those shareholders make an election available under the Code (which election could itself have adverse consequences for such shareholders, as discussed below under "Taxation– U.S. Federal Income Consequences—U.S. Federal Income Taxation of U.S. Holders"), such shareholders would be liable to pay U.S. federal income tax at the then prevailing income tax rates on ordinary income plus interest upon excess distributions and upon any gain from the disposition of their common shares, as if the excess distribution or gain had been recognized ratably over the shareholder's holding period of the common shares.  See "Taxation —U.S. Federal Income Consequences—U.S. Federal Income Taxation of U.S. Holders" for a more comprehensive discussion of the U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. shareholders as a result of our status as a PFIC.
We may have to pay tax on U.S. source income, which would reduce our earnings.
Under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, or the Code, 50% of the gross shipping income of a vessel owning or chartering corporation, such as ourselves and our subsidiaries, that is attributable to transportation that begins or ends, but that does not begin and end, in the United States is characterized as U.S. source shipping income and such income is subject to a 4% U.S. federal income tax without allowance for deduction, unless that corporation qualifies for exemption from tax under Section 883 of the Code. Although we have qualified for this statutory exemption in previous taxable years and have taken this position for U.S. federal income tax return reporting purposes and we believe to qualify for the 2016 taxable year, there are factual circumstances beyond our control that could cause us to lose the benefit of the exemption and thereby become subject to U.S. federal income tax on our U.S. source shipping income. For example, we would fail to qualify for exemption under Section 883 of the Code for a particular tax year if shareholders, each of whom owned, actually or under applicable constructive ownership rules, a 5% or greater interest in the vote and value of our common stock, owned in the aggregate 50% or more of the vote and value of such stock, and "qualified shareholders" as defined by the Treasury regulation under Section 883 of the Code did not own, directly or under applicable constructive ownership rules, sufficient shares in our closely-held block of common stock to preclude the shares in that closely-held block that are not so owned from representing 50% or more of the value of our common stock for more than half of the number of days during the taxable year. Establishing such ownership by qualified shareholders will depend upon the status of certain of our direct or indirect shareholders as residents of qualifying jurisdictions and whether those shareholders own their shares through bearer share arrangements. In addition, such shareholders will also be required to comply with ownership certification procedures attesting that they are residents of qualifying jurisdictions, and each intermediary or other person in the chain of ownership between us and such shareholders must undertake similar compliance procedures. Due to the factual nature of the issues involved, we may not qualify for exemption under Section 883 of the Code for any future taxable year.
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RISKS RELATED TO OUR COMMON SHARES
Our share price may continue to be highly volatile, which could lead to a loss of all or part of a shareholder's investment.
The market price of our common shares has fluctuated widely since our common shares began trading in July of 2004 on the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC, or Nasdaq. Over the last few years, the stock market has experienced price and volume fluctuations. This volatility has sometimes been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. During 2016, the price of our common shares experienced a high of $8.40 in August and November and a low of $1.30 in January.
The market price of our common shares is affected by a variety of factors, including:
·
fluctuations in interest rates;
·
fluctuations in the availability or the price of oil and chemicals;
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fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates;
·
announcements by us or our competitors;
·
changes in our relationships with customers or suppliers;
·
actual or anticipated fluctuations in our semi-annual and annual results and those of other public companies in our industry;

·
changes in United States or foreign tax laws;
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actual or anticipated fluctuations in our operating results from period to period;
·
shortfalls in our operating results from levels forecast by securities analysts;
·
market conditions in the shipping industry and the general state of the securities markets;
·
mergers and strategic alliances in the shipping industry;
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changes in government regulation;
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a general or industry-specific decline in the demand for, and price of, shares of our common stock resulting from capital market conditions independent of our operating performance;
·
the loss of any of our key management personnel; and
·
our failure to successfully implement our business plan.
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The market price of our common shares has recently declined significantly. If the average closing price of our common shares declines to less than $1.00 over 30 consecutive trading days, our common shares could be delisted from Nasdaq or trading could be suspended.
On November 4, 2015, we received a notification of deficiency from Nasdaq Global Select Market stating that because the closing bid price of our common stock for the last 30 consecutive business days was below $1.00 per share, we no longer met the minimum bid price requirement for the Nasdaq Global Select Market, with a grace period of 180 calendar days to regain compliance. We regained compliance on March 7, 2016, by affecting a one-for-ten reverse stock split of our common shares.
On January 26, 2016, we received a notification of deficiency from Nasdaq Global Select Market stating that market value of our publicly-held shares fell below certain minimum requirements for listing on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, with a grace period of 180 calendar days to regain compliance. In addition, because the market price of our common shares dropped below $5.00 per share, brokers generally prohibit shareholders from using such shares as collateral for borrowing in margin accounts. This inability to continue to use our common shares as collateral may lead to sales of such shares creating downward pressure on and increased volatility in the market price of our common shares.
On July 26, 2016, we received a positive determination from the Nasdaq granting approval of our request to transfer our listing to the Nasdaq Capital Market from the Nasdaq Global Select Market. The Nasdaq Capital Market is a continuous trading market that operates in substantially the same manner as the Nasdaq Global Select Market. Our common shares continue to trade under the symbol "TOPS". The Company currently fulfills the listing requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market and the approval of the transfer cured our deficiency under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(b)(1)(C).
A renewed or continued decline in the closing price of our common shares on Nasdaq could result in a breach of these requirements. Although we would have an opportunity to take action to cure such a breach, if we do not succeed, Nasdaq could commence suspension or delisting procedures in respect of our common shares. The commencement of suspension or delisting procedures by an exchange remains, at all times, at the discretion of such exchange and would be publicly announced by the exchange. If a suspension or delisting were to occur, there would be significantly less liquidity in the suspended or delisted securities. In addition, our ability to raise additional necessary capital through equity or debt financing would be greatly impaired. Furthermore, with respect to any suspended or delisted common shares, we would expect decreases in institutional and other investor demand, analyst coverage, market making activity and information available concerning trading prices and volume, and fewer broker-dealers would be willing to execute trades with respect to such common shares. A suspension or delisting would likely decrease the attractiveness of our common shares to investors, may constitute a breach under certain of our credit agreements and constitute an event of default under certain classes of our preferred stock and cause the trading volume of our common shares to decline, which could result in a further decline in the market price of our common shares.
Finally, if the volatility in the market continues or worsens, it could have a further adverse effect on the market price of our common shares, regardless of our operating performance.
There may not be a continuing public market for you to resell our common shares.
Our common shares currently trade on Nasdaq; however, an active and liquid public market for our common shares may not continue and you may not be able to sell your common shares in the future at the price that you paid for them or at all.
Further, lack of trading volume in our stock may affect investors' ability to sell their shares. Our common shares have been experiencing low daily trading volumes in the market. As a result, investors may be unable to sell all or any of their shares in the desired time period, or may only be able to sell such shares at a significant discount to the previous closing price.
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Certain existing stockholders, who beneficially own approximately 54.2% of our common stock, may have the power to exert control over us, which may limit your ability to influence our actions.
As of March 10, 2017, the Lax Trust may be deemed to own all of the outstanding shares of Sovereign Holdings Inc., Epsilon Holdings Inc, Oscar Shipholding Ltd., Race Navigation Inc., or Race Navigation, Tankers Family Inc. and Family Trading Inc., or Family Trading, which in aggregate own approximately 54.2% of our outstanding common shares, including 2,812,500 common shares issuable upon the exercise of 1,250,000 of the 2014 Warrants (defined below) currently beneficially owned by Race Navigation and 48,649 common issuable upon the conversion of $0.05 million of outstanding debt held by Family Trading under out Amended Family Trading Credit Facility (defined blow). See also "Item 7—Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—A. Major Shareholders." Due to the number of shares that the Lax Trust may be deemed to own, it has the power to exert considerable influence over our actions and to effectively control the outcome of matters on which our shareholders are entitled to vote, including the election of our directors and other significant corporate actions. The interests of the Lax Trust or the family of Mr. Pistiolis may be different from your interests.
The provisions of our Series B Convertible Preferred Shares may require us to issue a large number of common shares upon conversion, which may significantly depress the trading price of our common shares and significantly dilute existing shareholders.
The conversion price that is used to determine the number of common shares issued to holders of our Series B Convertible Preferred Shares upon conversion is subject to anti-dilution adjustments and adjustments based upon the trading price of our common shares. Specifically, each Series B Convertible Preferred Share is convertible into the number of our common shares equal to the quotient of $1,000 plus any accrued and unpaid dividends divided by the lesser of the following two prices: (i) $2.80 and (ii) 85% of the lowest daily volume weighted average price, or VWAP, of our common shares over the 10 consecutive trading days expiring on the trading day immediately prior to the date of delivery of a conversion notice, but in no event will the conversion price be less than $1.00. Under certain circumstances, the aforementioned adjustments may result in us issuing a large number of common shares upon conversion of the Series B Convertible Preferred Shares, which in turn could significantly depress the trading price of our common shares and significantly dilute existing shareholders. For example, assuming there are no accrued and unpaid dividends, as of March 10, 2017, the hypothetical conversion of all 611 Series B Convertible Preferred Shares outstanding at the $1.00 floor price will result in the issuance of 611,000 of our common shares, which represents approximately 7.0% of our currently outstanding common shares.
The provisions of our Series C Convertible Preferred Shares may require us to issue a large number of common shares upon conversion, which may significantly depress the trading price of our common shares and significantly dilute existing shareholders.
The conversion price that is used to determine the number of common shares issued to holders of our Series C Convertible Preferred Shares upon conversion is subject to anti-dilution adjustments and adjustments based upon the trading price of our common shares. Specifically, each Series C Convertible Preferred Share is convertible into the number of our common shares equal to the quotient of $1,000 plus any accrued and unpaid dividends, late charges and applicable make-whole amount divided by the lesser of the following two prices: (i) $3.75 and (ii) 75% of the lowest VWAP of our common shares over the 21 consecutive trading days expiring on the trading day immediately prior to the date of delivery of a conversion notice, but in no event will the conversion price be less than $0.25. Under certain circumstances, the aforementioned adjustments may result in us issuing a large number of common shares upon conversion of the Series C Convertible Preferred Shares, which in turn could significantly depress the trading price of our common shares and significantly dilute existing shareholders. For example, assuming there are no accrued and unpaid dividends, as of March 10, 2017, the hypothetical conversion of all 7,500 Series C Convertible Preferred Shares outstanding at the $0.25 floor price will result in the issuance of 30,000,000 of our common shares, which represents approximately 342.3% of our currently outstanding common shares.
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Shareholders may experience significant dilution as a result of future equity offerings or issuance if shares are sold at prices significantly below the price at which shareholders invested.
We may issue additional shares of common stock or other equity securities of equal or senior rank in the future in connection with, among other things, any exercise of our outstanding warrants issued in June 2014, or our 2014 Warrants, future vessel acquisitions, repayment of outstanding indebtedness, or our equity incentive plan, without shareholder approval, in a number of circumstances. Our existing shareholders may experience significant dilution if we issue shares in the future at prices below the price at which previous shareholders invested.
Our issuance of additional shares of common stock or other equity securities of equal or senior rank would have the following effects:
·
our existing shareholders' proportionate ownership interest in us will decrease;
·
the amount of cash available for dividends payable on the shares of our common stock may decrease;
·
the relative voting strength of each previously outstanding common share may be diminished; and
·
the market price of the shares of our common stock may decline.
Future issuances or sales, or the potential for future issuances or sales, of our common shares may cause the trading price of our securities to decline and could impair our ability to raise capital through subsequent equity offerings.
We have issued a significant number of our common shares and we anticipate that we will continue to do so in the future. Shares to be issued in relation to a future follow-on offering could cause the market price of our common shares to decline, and could have an adverse effect on our earnings per share if and when we become profitable. In addition, future sales of our common shares or other securities in the public markets, or the perception that these sales may occur, could cause the market price of our common shares to decline, and could materially impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional securities.
Future issuance of common shares may trigger anti-dilution provisions in our outstanding warrants and affect the interests of our common shareholders.
The 2014 Warrants contain anti-dilution provisions that could be triggered by the issuance of common shares in a future offering, depending on their offering price. For instance, the issuance by us of common shares for less than $1.47 per common share, which is the current fixed exercise price for the warrant shares of the 2014 Warrants, could result in an adjustment downward of the exercise price of the warrant shares of the 2014 Warrants and an increase in the number of shares each warrant is eligible to purchase above 1.70 per 2014 Warrrant. These adjustments could affect the interests of our common shareholders and the trading price for our common shares. Furthermore and following the issuance our Series C Convertible Preferred Shares and the subsequent trigger of an anti-dilution provision of our 2014 Warrants, each warrant holder currently has the option to replace the fixed exercise price with a variable exercise price, namely 75% of the lowest daily VWAP of our common shares over the 21 consecutive trading days expiring on the trading day immediately prior to the date of delivery of an exercise notice (but in no event can this variable exercise price be less than $0.25) and purchase such proportionate number of shares based on the variable price in effect on the date of exercise. If using variable exericse price of the Series C Convertible Preferred Shares, as of March 10, 2017, each 2014 Warrant has an exercise price of $1.11 and entitles its holder to purchase 2.25 common shares, as may be further adjusted. Moreover, future issuance of other equity or debt convertible into or issuable or exchangeable for common shares at a price per share less than the then current exercise price of the warrant shares of the 2014 Warrants would result in similar adjustments.
Additionally, we value our 2014 Warrants liability at the closing of each fiscal quarter. If the market price of our common stock at the end of the relevant quarter is higher than the previous quarter or if the exercise price of our warrant shares decreases, there is a strong possibility that we will realize a non-cash loss attributable to the change in market value. Should the market price of our common stock rise, there is a strong possibility that our 2014 Warrants liability will increase, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
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We are incorporated in the Republic of the Marshall Islands, which does not have a well-developed body of corporate law and as a result, shareholders may have fewer rights and protections under Marshall Islands law than under a typical jurisdiction in the United States.
Our corporate affairs are governed by Our Third Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Amended and Restated By-laws, as further amended, and by the Marshall Islands Business Corporations Act, or BCA. The provisions of the BCA resemble provisions of the corporation laws of a number of states in the United States. However, there have been few judicial cases in the Republic of the Marshall Islands interpreting the BCA. The rights and fiduciary responsibilities of directors under the law of the Republic of the Marshall Islands are not as clearly established as the rights and fiduciary responsibilities of directors under statutes or judicial precedent in existence in certain United States jurisdictions. Shareholder rights may differ as well. While the BCA does specifically incorporate the non-statutory law, or judicial case law, of the State of Delaware and other states with substantially similar legislative provisions, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions by the management, directors or controlling shareholders than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a United States jurisdiction.
It may not be possible for investors to serve process on or enforce U.S. judgments against us.
We and all of our subsidiaries are incorporated in jurisdictions outside the U.S. and substantially all of our assets and those of our subsidiaries are located outside the U.S. In addition, most of our directors and officers are non-residents of the U.S., and all or a substantial portion of the assets of these non-residents are located outside the U.S. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for U.S. investors to serve process within the U.S. upon us, our subsidiaries or our directors and officers or to enforce a judgment against us for civil liabilities in U.S. courts. In addition, you should not assume that courts in the countries in which we or our subsidiaries are incorporated or where our assets or the assets of our subsidiaries are located (1) would enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained in actions against us or our subsidiaries based upon the civil liability provisions of applicable U.S. federal and state securities laws or (2) would enforce, in original actions, liabilities against us or our subsidiaries based on those laws.
Anti-takeover provisions in our organizational documents could have the effect of discouraging, delaying or preventing a merger, amalgamation or acquisition, which could reduce the market price of our common shares.
Several provisions of our Third Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Amended and Restated By-laws, as further amended, could make it difficult for our shareholders to change the composition of our Board of Directors in any one year, preventing them from changing the composition of management. In addition, the same provisions may discourage, delay or prevent a merger or acquisition that shareholders may consider favorable.
These provisions include:
·
authorizing our Board of Directors to issue "blank check" preferred stock without shareholder approval;
·
providing for a classified Board of Directors with staggered, three-year terms;
·
prohibiting cumulative voting in the election of directors;
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authorizing the removal of directors only for cause and only upon the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 80% of the outstanding shares of our capital stock entitled to vote for the directors;
·
prohibiting shareholder action by written consent unless the written consent is signed by all shareholders entitled to vote on the action;
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·
limiting the persons who may call special meetings of shareholders; and
·
establishing advance notice requirements for nominations for election to our Board of Directors or for proposing matters that can be acted on by shareholders at shareholder meetings.
In addition, we have entered into a stockholders rights agreement, or the Stockholders Rights Agreement, that makes it more difficult for a third-party to acquire us without the support of our Board of Directors. See "Item 10. Additional Information—B. Memorandum and Articles of Association—Stockholders Rights Agreement." These anti-takeover provisions could substantially impede the ability of public shareholders to benefit from a change in control and, as a result, may reduce the market price of our common stock and your ability to realize any potential change of control premium.
RISKS RELATED TO OUR RELATIONSHIP WITH OUR FLEET MANAGER AND ITS AFFILIATES
We are dependent on our Fleet Manager to perform the day-to-day management of our fleet.
Our executive management team consists of Evangelos J. Pistiolis, our President, Chief Executive Officer and Director; Alexandros Tsirikos, our Chief Financial Officer and Director; Vangelis Ikonomou, our Executive Vice President, Chairman and Director; and Demetris Souroullas, our Chief Technical Officer. We subcontract the day-to-day vessel management of our fleet, including crewing, maintenance and repair to our Fleet Manager. Furthermore, upon delivery of any vessels we may acquire, we expect to subcontract their day-to-day management to our Fleet Manager. Our Fleet Manager is a related party affiliated with the family of Mr. Pistiolis. We are dependent on our Fleet Manager for the technical and commercial operation of our fleet and the loss of our Fleet Manager's services or its failure to perform obligations to us could materially and adversely affect the results of our operations. If our Fleet Manager suffers material damage to its reputation or relationships it may harm our ability to:
·
continue to operate our vessels and service our customers;
·
renew existing charters upon their expiration;
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obtain new charters;
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obtain financing on commercially acceptable terms;
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obtain insurance on commercially acceptable terms;
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maintain satisfactory relationships with our customers and suppliers; and
·
successfully execute our growth strategy.
Our Fleet Manager is a privately held company and there may be limited or no publicly available information about it.
Our Fleet Manager is a privately held company. The ability of our Fleet Manager to provide services for our benefit will depend in part on its own financial strength. Circumstances beyond our control could impair our Fleet Manager's financial strength, and there may be limited publicly available information about its financial condition. As a result, an investor in our common shares might have little advance warning of problems affecting our Fleet Manager, even though these problems could have a material adverse effect on us.
Our Fleet Manager may have conflicts of interest between us and its other clients.
We subcontract the day-to-day vessel management of our fleet, including crewing, maintenance and repair to our Fleet Manager. Our Fleet Manager may provide similar services for vessels owned by other shipping companies, and it also may provide similar services to companies with which our Fleet Manager is affiliated. These responsibilities and relationships could create conflicts of interest between our Fleet Manager's performance of its obligations to us, on the one hand, and our Fleet Manager's performance of its obligations to its other clients, on the other hand. These conflicts may arise in connection with the crewing, supply provisioning and operations of the vessels in our fleet versus vessels owned by other clients of our Fleet Manager. In particular, our Fleet Manager may give preferential treatment to vessels owned by other clients whose arrangements provide for greater economic benefit to our Fleet Manager. These conflicts of interest may have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

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ITEM 4.
INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY
A.
History and Development of the Company
Our predecessor, Ocean Holdings Inc., was formed as a corporation in January 2000 under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands and renamed Top Tankers Inc. in May 2004. In December 2007, Top Tankers Inc. was renamed TOP Ships Inc. Our common stock is currently listed on Nasdaq under the symbol "TOPS." The current address of our principal executive office is 1 Vasilisis Sofias and Megalou Alexandrou Str, 15124 Maroussi, Greece. The telephone number of our registered office is +30 210 812 8000.
On February 6, 2014, we entered into a memorandum of agreement to purchase the M/T Stenaweco Energy, a 50,000 dwt newbuilding product/chemical tanker with a time charter, from an entity also affiliated with our President, Chief Executive Officer and Director, Evangelos J. Pistiolis, scheduled for delivery from Hyundai Mipo Dockyard Co., Ltd., or Hyundai Dockyard, in May 2014.
On March 19, 2014, we acquired five newbuilding vessels under construction, the M/T Stenaweco Evolution, the M/T Eco Fleet, the M/T Eco Revolution, M/T Stenaweco Excellence, and M/T Nord Valiant, through share purchase agreements we entered into with affiliates of our President, Chief Executive Officer and Director, Evangelos J. Pistiolis and unrelated third parties. We acquired the shipbuilding contracts for these vessels for an aggregate purchase price of $43.3 million, paid as follows: $2.5 million in cash and $40.8 million in newly-issued common shares, issued at $70.00 per share. Concurrently with the share purchase agreements, we entered into an agreement to terminate the memorandum of agreement we had previously entered into on December 5, 2013 and to apply the full amount of the deposit paid under that memorandum of agreement, in the amount of $7.0 million, to reduce the purchase price under the share purchase agreements.
On April 2, 2014, our Board of Directors determined to affect a one-for-seven reverse stock split of our common shares, which was authorized at our Special Meeting of Shareholders held on February 24, 2014. The reverse stock split was affected on April 21, 2014. As a result of the reverse stock split, the number of outstanding shares decreased to 8,309,989 shares and the par value of our common shares remained unchanged at $0.01 per share.
On June 11, 2014, we completed a public offering of 1,000,000 of our common shares and warrants to purchase 500,000 of our common shares at $20.00 per common share and $0.00001 per warrant (one warrant was originally given the right to purchase one common share). The warrants had an initial exercise price of $25.00 per share (subject to adjustment), were exercisable immediately, and expire five years from the date of issuance. In addition, the underwriters partially exercised their overallotment option to purchase an additional 66,000 common shares and 33,000 warrants to purchase common shares (one warrant initially gave the right to purchase one common share). The underwriters received as compensation 300,000 representative warrants, or the Representative Warrants, to purchase our common shares with an adjustable exercise price of $25 per share. The gross proceeds from the offering were approximately $21.3 million. Race Navigation, a company wholly-owned then by our President, Chief Executive Officer and Director, Evangelos J. Pistiolis, purchased $5.0 million of the common shares and warrants in the public offering.
On June 20, 2014, we took delivery of the M/T Stenaweco Energy. We financed the payment of the final installment for the vessel by (i) entering on June 19, 2014 into a credit facility with Alpha Bank of Greece, or the Alpha Bank Facility, for an amount of $20.1 million and (ii) the proceeds of our public equity offering. On January 29, 2015, we repaid the Alpha Bank Facility in full with a portion of the proceeds from the sale of the M/T Stenaweco Energy (see below).
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On January 29, 2015 and March 31, 2015, agreements were consummated for the sale and leaseback of the M/T Stenaweco Energy and M/T Stenaweco Evolution, respectively. The sale and leaseback agreements were entered into with a third party and generated gross proceeds of $57 million. The vessels have been chartered back on a bareboat basis for seven years at a bareboat hire of $8,586 per day and $8,625 per day, respectively. In addition, we have the option to buy back each vessel from the end of year three up to the end of year seven at a purchase price depending on when the option is exercised. Indicatively, if the option is exercised at the end of year three, the purchase price of either one of the vessels will be $25.9 million. We treat the sale and leaseback of the abovementioned vessels as an operating lease.
On July 15, 2015, we took delivery of the M/T Eco Fleet. We financed the payment of the final installment for the vessel by entering into the ABN Facility, under which we drew down $22.2 million.  On January 21, 2016, we took delivery of the M/T Eco Revolution and financed the payment of the final installment for the vessel by drawing down $22.2 million from the ABN Facility. On August 1, 2016, in connection with the expected delivery of the M/T Nord Valiant, we amended the ABN Facility to increase the borrowing limit to $64.4 million and added another tranche to the loan. On August 5, 2016, we drew down $20.0 million under the ABN Facility and on August 10, 2016, we took delivery of the M/T Nord Valiant. As of December 31, 2016, we had $59.8 million outstanding under the facility and no available capacity for further borrowings.
On December 23, 2015, we entered into an agreement with Family Trading, a company that is owned by the Lax Trust pursuant to which, Family Trading lent us up to $15 million under an unsecured revolving credit facility, or the Family Trading Facility, in order to fund our newbuilding program and working capital relating to our operating vessels. This facility was initially repayable in cash no later than December 31, 2016, with an option to extend the facility's repayment up to December 31, 2017. Family Trading also assumed our liabilities of approximately $3.8 million related to the early termination in 2011 of the bareboat charter for the M/T Delos that were immediately due. See "Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Operating Leases." As consideration for the assumption of these liabilities, Family Trading received 1,355,816 of our common shares on January 12, 2016. We had the right to buy back up to 60% of these shares at any time until December 31, 2016, which we did not exercise. On December 28, 2016, we extended the maturity of the Family Trading loan to January 31, 2017 and on January 27, 2017, we further extended its maturity to February 28, 2017. On February 21, 2017, the Family Trading Facility was extended to December 31, 2018.  See "—Recent Developments" below.
We have made the following drawdowns under the Family Trading Facility: $3.9 million in December 2015, $1.5 million in March 2016; $0.6 million in May 2016; $1.1 million in July 2016; $3.3 million in August 2016; $0.7 million in September 2016; and $1.0 million in December 2016.  We have also made the following repayments under the facility: $1.1 million in July 2016; $2.4 million in September 2016 and $4.4 million during November 2016. As of December 31, 2016, we had $4.1 million outstanding under the facility and $10.9 available capacity for further borrowings.
On January 28, 2016, our Board of Directors determined to affect a one-for-ten reverse stock split of our common shares, which was authorized at our Annual Meeting of Shareholders held on December 23, 2015. The reverse stock split was effected on February 22, 2016. As a result of the reverse stock split, the number of outstanding shares decreased to 3,433,711 shares and the par value of our common shares remained unchanged at $0.01 per share.
On May 11, 2016, we entered into the NORD/LB Facility to partially finance the delivery of the M/T Stenaweco Excellence. On May 13, 2016, we drew down $23.2 million under the NORD/LB Facility and on May 20, 2016, we took delivery of the M/T Stenaweco Excellence. As of December 31, 2016, we had $22.2 million outstanding under the facility and no available capacity for further borrowings.
On September 14, 2016, we declared a dividend of one preferred share purchase right for each outstanding common share and adopted a shareholder rights plan, as set forth in a stockholders rights agreement dated as of September 22, 2016, by and between us and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., as rights agent.

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On November 22, 2016, we completed a private placement of up to 3,160 Series B Convertible Preferred Shares for an aggregate principal amount of up to $3.0 million. YA II CD, Ltd, or Yorkville, purchased 1,579 Series B Convertible Preferred Shares at the initial closing of the Series B Transaction and 527 Series B Convertible Preferred Shares on November 28, 2016 for a total consideration of $2.0 million and has waived the right to purchase any additional Series B Convertible Preferred Shares. The Series B Convertible Preferred Shares are convertible into common shares pursuant to the terms of Certificate of Designation to the Series of the Series B Convertible Preferred Shares. Subsequent to December 31, 2016, we issued 854,756 common shares pursuant to conversions of 1,495 Series B Convertible Preferred Shares.  For more information about the Series B Convertible Preferred Shares, please see "Item 10. Additional Information—B. Memorandum and Articles of Association—Description of Series B Convertible Preferred Shares." In connection with the Series B Transaction, we also entered into a registration rights agreement with Yorkville, or the Registration Rights Agreement, to provide it with certain registration rights.
Recent Developments
On January 3, and on February 7, 2017, we repaid $1.0 million and $3.0 million respectively under the Family Trading Facility.
On January 27, 2017, we extended the maturity of the Family Trading Facility to February 28, 2017.
On February 2, 2017, we entered into a common stock purchase agreement with Kalani Investments Limited, or the Investor, for the sale of up to $3.1 million of our common stock that we may sell from time to time to the Investor, over the next 24 months, or the Equity Line Offering. As of March 10, 2017, we have sold an aggregate 1,054,842 shares of our common stock to the Investor under the Equity Line Offering, with aggregate gross proceeds from the sale of $1.8 million. Pursuant to the Equity Line Offering, we also issued 22,835 common shares as a commitment fee to the Investor as consideration for entering into the Equity Line Offering representing the quotient of $46,491 (1.5% of $3,099,367) divided by $2.0360.
On February 6, 2017, we issued a 6% Original Issue Discount Promissory Note, or the Note, to the Investor at a nominal amount of $3.5 million for a consideration of $3.3 million. The Note has a mandatory redemption 100 days from issuance.
On February 14, 2017, we entered into a securities purchase agreement with a non-affiliated non-U.S. institutional investor affiliated with the Investor, pursuant to which we sold 7,500 newly issued Series C Convertible Preferred Shares to this investor, or the Series C Transaction, for $7.5 million. The Series C Convertible Preferred Shares are convertible into a number of our common shares equal to the quotient of $1,000 plus any accrued and unpaid dividends, late charges and applicable make-whole amount divided by the lesser of the following two prices: (i) $3.75 and (ii) 75% of the lowest daily VWAP of our common shares over the 21 consecutive trading days expiring on the trading day immediately prior to the date of delivery of a conversion notice, but in no event will this conversion price be less than $0.25. In connection with the sale of Series C Convertible Preferred Shares, we issued 72,910 common shares as a commitment fee to the non-affiliated investor as consideration for entering into the transaction representing the quotient of $112,500 (1.5% of the purchase price of $7.5 million) divided by $1.54298. As of March 10, 2017, we have issued 0 common shares in connection with the conversions of Series C Convertible Preferred Shares.  The securities sold in this private placement will not be registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or state securities laws as of the time of issuance and may not be offered or sold in the United States absent registration with the SEC or an applicable exemption from such registration requirements.
On February 20, 2017, we, through our wholly-owned subsidiary, Style Maritime Ltd., acquired a 40% ownership interest in Eco Seven Inc., a Marshall Islands corporation, or Eco Seven, from Malibu Shipmanagement Co., a Marshall Islands corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of the Lax Trust for an aggregate purchase price of $6.5 million, pursuant to a share purchase agreement, or the Eco Seven Transaction.  Eco Seven currently owns M/T Stenaweco Elegance, a 50,118 dwt product/chemical tanker that was delivered from Hyundai on February 28, 2017. Eco Seven is also a party to a time charter agreement that commenced upon the vessel's delivery at a rate of $16,500 per day for the first three years, and at the charterer's option, $17,500 for the first optional year and $18,500 for the second optional year. The Eco Seven Transaction was approved by a special committee of the Company's board of directors, or the Transaction Committee, of which the majority of the directors were independent. In the course of its deliberations, the Transaction Committee hired and obtained a fairness opinion from an independent financial advisor.

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On February 21, 2017, we amended and restated the Family Trading Facility, or the Amended Family Trading Credit Facility, in order to, among other things, allow us to remove any limitation in the use of funds drawn down under the facility, reduce the mandatory cash payment due under the facility when we raise capital through the issuance of certain securities, remove the revolving feature of the facility, and extend the facility for up to three years. Specifically, under the terms of the Amended Family Trading Credit Facility, if we raise capital via the issuance of warrants, debt or equity, we are obliged to repay any amounts due under the Amended Family Trading Credit Facility and any accrued interest and fees up to the time of the issuance in cash or in shares of our common stock at Family Trading's option. Family Trading retains the right to delay this mandatory repayment at its absolute discretion. For the first six months after the execution of the facility, no more than $3.5 million can be mandatorily prepaid in cash. Subject to certain adjustments pursuant the terms of the Amended Family Trading Credit Facility, the number of common shares to be issued as repayment of the amounts outstanding under the facility will be calculated by dividing the amount redeemed by 80% of the lowest daily volume weighted average price of the common shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market during the twenty consecutive trading days ending on the trading day prior to the payment date, or the Applicable Price, provided, however, that at no time shall the Applicable Price be lower than $0.60 per common share. The Amended Family Trading Credit Facility was approved by a special committee of the Company's board of directors, or the Special Committee, of which the majority of the directors were independent. In the course of its deliberations, the Special Committee hired and obtained a fairness opinion from an independent financial advisor.
Further, in the case where we raise capital (whether publicly or privately) and the Applicable Price is higher than the lowest of (henceforth the "Issuance Price"):
a. the price per share issued upon an equity offering of the Company;
b. the exercise price of warrants or options for our common shares;
c. the conversion price of any convertible security into our common shares; or
d. the implied exchange price of the our common shares pursuant to an asset to equity or liability to equity swap
, then the Applicable Price will be reduced to the Issuance Price. Finally, in case the Applicable Price is higher than the exercise price of the Issuer's outstanding 2014 Warrants, the Applicable Price will be reduced to the exercise price of such outstanding warrants. The Amended Family Trading Credit Facility bears interest at the rate of 10% per annum.
On February 21 and 22, 2017, we issued an aggregate 777,000 common shares as payment for $1.2 million for accrued commitment fees, extension fees and interest outstanding under the Amended Family Trading Credit Facility.
2014 Warrants
Our 2014 Warrants contain certain anti-dilution provisions, which were triggered as a result of the reverse stock split, Series B Transaction, the Equity Line Offering, Series C Transaction and Amended Family Trading Credit Facility. As of March 10, 2017, the exercise price of our outstanding 2014 Warrants was $1.47 per warrant and each warrant could buy 1.70 common shares. Also, each warrant holder could, in its sole discretion, replace the fixed exercise price with a variable exercise price currently 75% of the lowest daily VWAP of our common shares over the 21 consecutive trading days expiring on the trading day immediately prior to the date of delivery of an exercise notice (but in no event can this variable exercise price be less than $0.25) and buy a proportionate number of common shares based on the variable price in effect on the date of exercise.  If using the aforementioned variable exercise price, as of March 10, 2017, each 2014 Warrant has an exercise price of $1.11 and entitles its holder to purchase 2.25 common shares, as may be further adjusted. As of March 10, 2017, an aggregate 2,862,172 2014 Warrants have been exercised for a total issuance of 2,479,898 common shares.

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B.
Business Overview

We are an international owner and operator of modern, fuel efficient eco medium range, or MR, tanker vessels focusing on the transportation of crude oil, petroleum products (clean and dirty) and bulk liquid chemicals. As of the date of this annual report, our fleet consists of two chartered-in 49,737 dwt product/chemical tankers vessels, the M/T Stenaweco Energy and the M/T Stenaweco Evolution, two 39,208 dwt product/chemical tankers vessels, the M/T Eco Fleet and the M/T Eco Revolution, and two 49,737 dwt product/chemical tankers, the M/T Stenaweco Excellence and M/T Nord Valiant. We have also acquired, through our wholly-owned subsidiary, a 40% ownership interest in Eco Seven. Eco Seven currently owns the M/T Stenaweco Elegance, a 50,118 dwt product/chemical tanker that was delivered from Hyundai on February 28, 2017. For more information, please see "Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—Recent Developments."
We intend to continue to review the market in order to identify potential acquisition targets on accretive terms.
We believe we have established a reputation in the international ocean transport industry for operating and maintaining vessels with high standards of performance, reliability and safety. We have assembled a management team comprised of executives who have extensive experience operating large and diversified fleets of tankers and who have strong ties to a number of national, regional and international oil companies, charterers and traders.
Our Fleet
The following tables present our fleet list as of the date of this annual report:
Chartered-in fleet:
Name
Deadweight
Charterer
Charter Duration
Expiry of Firm Charter Period
Gross Rate fixed period/ options*
M/T Stenaweco Energy
49,737
Stena Weco A/S
5.5+1+1 years
February 2020
$16,500** / $17,350 / $18,100
M/T Stenaweco Evolution
49,737
Stena Weco A/S
5+1+1 years
April 2020
$16,200*** / $17,200 / $18,000

* Options may be exercised at the charterer's option.
** $14,600 commencing from January 1, 2017 until June 30, 2018. Thereafter the rate will be $16,500 until February 25, 2020.
*** $14,600 commencing from May 1, 2017 until April 30, 2018. Thereafter the rate will be $16,200 from May 1, 2018 until April 3, 2019. From April 4, 2019 to April 4, 2020 the rate will be $16,350.
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Operating fleet:*

Name
Deadweight
Charterer
Charter Duration
Expiry of Firm Charter Period
Gross Rate fixed period/ options**
M/T Eco Fleet
39,208
BP Shipping Limited
3+1+1 years
July 2018
$15,200 / $16,000 / $16,750
M/T Eco Revolution
39,208
BP Shipping Limited
3+1+1 years
January 2019
$15,200 / $16,000 / $16,750
M/T Stenaweco Excellence
49,737
Stena Weco A/S
3+1+1 years
May 2019
$16,200 / $17,200 / $18,000
M/T Nord Valiant
49,737
DS Norden A/S
5+1+1 years
August 2021
$16,800 / $17,600 / $18,400

* We have also acquired, through our wholly-owned subsidiary, a 40% ownership interest in Eco Seven. Eco Seven currently owns the M/T Stenaweco Elegance, a 50,118 dwt product/chemical tanker that was delivered on from Hyundai on February 28, 2017. Eco Seven is also a party to a time charter agreement that commenced upon the vessel's delivery at a rate of $16,500 per day for the first three years, and at the charterer's option, $17,500 for the first optional year and $18,500 for the second optional year. For more information, please see "Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—Recent Developments."
** Options may be exercised at the charterer's option.
Management of our Fleet
Our Fleet Manager provides all operational, technical and commercial management services for our fleet. Please see "Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions—Central Shipping Monaco Letter Agreement, Management Agreements, and Other Agreements."
Officers, Crewing and Employees
As of the date of this annual report, our employees include our executive officers and a number of administrative employees whose services are provided according to an agreement with Central Mare. Please see "Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions—Central Shipping Monaco Letter Agreement, Management Agreements, and Other Agreements." In addition, our Fleet Manager is responsible for recruiting, mainly through a crewing agent, the senior officers and all other crew members for our vessels. We believe the streamlining of crewing arrangements will ensure that all our vessels will be crewed with experienced seamen that have the qualifications and licenses required by international regulations and shipping conventions.
The International Shipping Industry
The seaborne transportation industry is a vital link in international trade, with ocean going vessels representing the most efficient and often the only method of transporting large volumes of basic commodities and finished products. Demand for tankers is dictated by world oil demand and trade, which is influenced by many factors, including international economic activity; geographic changes in oil production, processing, and consumption; oil price levels; inventory policies of the major oil and oil trading companies; and strategic inventory policies of countries such as the United States, China and India.
Shipping demand, measured in tonne-miles, is a product of (a) the amount of cargo transported in ocean going vessels, multiplied by (b) the distance over which this cargo is transported. The distance is the more variable element of the tonne-mile demand equation and is determined by seaborne trading patterns, which are principally influenced by the locations of production and consumption. Seaborne trading patterns are also periodically influenced by geo-political events that divert vessels from normal trading patterns, as well as by inter-regional trading activity created by commodity supply and demand imbalances. Tonnage of oil shipped is primarily a function of global oil consumption, which is driven by economic activity as well as the long-term impact of oil prices on the location and related volume of oil production. Tonnage of oil shipped is also influenced by transportation alternatives (such as pipelines) and the output of refineries.

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Demand for tankers and tonnage of oil shipped is primarily a function of global oil consumption, which is driven by economic activity, as well as the long-term impact of oil prices on the location and related volume of oil production. Global oil demand returned to limited growth in 2010 and has since been expanding at a modest pace, as a steady rise in Asia has outweighed decreasing demand in Europe and in the United States. According to the International Energy Agency, global oil demand for 2016 has been revised as of December 2016 to 94.4 million barrels/day compared to 93.2 million barrels/day during 2015.
We strategically monitor developments in the tanker industry on a regular basis and, subject to market demand, will seek to enter into shorter or longer time or bareboat charters according to prevailing market conditions.
We will compete for charters on the basis of price, vessel location, size, age and condition of the vessel, as well as on our reputation as an operator. We will arrange our time charters and bareboat charters through the use of brokers, who negotiate the terms of the charters based on market conditions. We will compete primarily with owners of tankers in the handymax class sizes. Ownership of tankers is highly fragmented and is divided among major oil companies and independent vessel owners.
Seasonality
We operate our tankers in markets that have historically exhibited seasonal variations in demand and, therefore, charter rates. This seasonality may affect operating results. However, to the extent that our vessels are chartered at fixed rates on a long-term basis, seasonal factors will not have a significant direct effect on our business.
Risk of Loss and Liability Insurance Generally
The operation of any cargo vessel includes risks such as mechanical failure, collision, property loss, cargo loss or damage and business interruption due to political circumstances in foreign countries, hostilities and labor strikes. In addition, there is always an inherent possibility of marine disaster, including oil spills and other environmental mishaps, and the liabilities arising from owning and operating vessels in international trade. OPA, which imposes virtually unlimited liability upon owners, operators and demise charterers of any vessel for oil pollution accidents in the United States Exclusive Economic Zone, has made liability insurance more expensive for ship owners and operators trading in the United States market. While we maintain hull and machinery insurance, war risks insurance, protection and indemnity cover and freight, demurrage and defense cover for our operating fleet in amounts that we believe to be prudent to cover normal risks in our operations, we may not be able to achieve or maintain this level of coverage throughout a vessel's useful life. Furthermore, while we believe that our present insurance coverage is adequate, not all risks can be insured, and there can be no guarantee that any specific claim will be paid, or that we will always be able to obtain adequate insurance coverage at reasonable rates.
Hull and Machinery Insurance
We have obtained marine hull and machinery, marine interests and war risk insurance, which includes the risk of actual or constructive total loss, general average, particular average, salvage, salvage charges, sue and labor, damage received in collision or contact with fixed or floating objects for all of the vessels in our fleet. Our vessels are covered up to at least fair market value, with deductibles of $100,000 per vessel per incident. For any vessels that are under bareboat charters, the charterer is responsible for arranging and paying for all insurances that may be required.
Protection and Indemnity Insurance
Protection and indemnity insurance is provided by mutual protection and indemnity associations, or P&I Associations, which covers our third-party liabilities in connection with our shipping activities. This includes third-party liability and other related expenses of injury or death of crew, passengers and other third parties, loss or damage to cargo, collision liabilities, damage to other third-party property, pollution arising from oil or other substances and wreck removal. Protection and indemnity insurance is a form of mutual indemnity insurance, extended by protection and indemnity mutual associations, or P&I Clubs. Cover is subject to the current statutory limits of liability and the applicable deductibles per category of claim. Our current protection and indemnity insurance coverage for pollution stands at $1.0 billion for any one event.
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The 13 P&I Associations that comprise the International Group insure approximately 90% of the world's commercial tonnage and have entered into a pooling agreement to reinsure each association's liabilities. Each P&I Association has capped its exposure to this pooling agreement at approximately $5.5 billion. As a member of a P&I Association, which is a member of the International Group, we are subject to calls payable to the associations based on its claim records as well as the claim records of all other members of the individual associations, and members of the pool of P&I Associations comprising the International Group.
Environmental and Other Regulations
Governmental laws and regulations significantly affect the ownership and operation of our vessels. We are subject to various international conventions, laws and regulations in force in the countries in which our vessels may operate or are registered. Compliance with such laws, regulations and other requirements entails significant expense, including vessel modification and implementation costs.
A variety of government, quasi-governmental, and private organizations subject our vessels to both scheduled and unscheduled inspections. These organizations include the local port authorities, national authorities, harbor masters or equivalent entities, classification societies, relevant flag state (country of registry) and charterers, particularly terminal operators and oil companies. Some of these entities require us to obtain permits, licenses, certificates and approvals for the operation of our vessels. Our failure to maintain necessary permits, licenses, certificates or approvals could require us to incur substantial costs or temporarily suspend operation of one or more of the vessels in our fleet, or lead to the invalidation or reduction of our insurance coverage.
We believe that the heightened levels of environmental and quality concerns among insurance underwriters, regulators and charterers have led to greater inspection and safety requirements on all vessels and may accelerate the scrapping of older vessels throughout the industry. Increasing environmental concerns have created a demand for tankers that conform to stricter environmental standards. We are required to maintain operating standards for all of our vessels that emphasize operational safety, quality maintenance, continuous training of our officers and crews and compliance with applicable local, national and international environmental laws and regulations. We believe that the operation of our vessels will be in substantial compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations and that our vessels will have all material permits, licenses, certificates or other authorizations necessary for the conduct of our operations; however, because such laws and regulations are frequently changed and may impose increasingly strict requirements, we cannot predict the ultimate cost of complying with these requirements, or the impact of these requirements on the resale value or useful lives of our vessels. In addition, a future serious marine incident that results in significant oil pollution or otherwise causes significant adverse environmental impact, such as the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, could result in additional legislation or regulation that could negatively affect our profitability.
International Maritime Organization
The United Nation's International Maritime Organization, or the IMO, is the United Nations agency for maritime safety and the prevention of pollution by ships. The IMO has adopted several international conventions that regulate the international shipping industry, including but not limited, to the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage of 1969, generally referred to as CLC, the International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage, and the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships of 1973, or the MARPOL Convention. The MARPOL Convention is broken into six Annexes, each of which establishes environmental standards relating to different sources of pollution: Annex I relates to oil leakage or spilling; Annexes II and III relate to harmful substances carried, in bulk, in liquid or packaged form, respectively; Annexes IV and V relate to sewage and garbage management, respectively; and Annex VI, adopted by the IMO in September of 1997, relates to air emissions.

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In 2012, the Marine Environment Protection Committee, MEPC, adopted by resolution amendments to the international code for the construction and equipment of ships carrying dangerous chemicals in bulk, IBC Code. The provisions of the IBC Code are mandatory under MARPOL and SOLAS. These amendments, which entered into force in June 2014, pertain to revised international certificates of fitness for the carriage of dangerous chemicals in bulk and identify new products that fall under the IBC Code. In May 2014, additional amendments to the IBC Code were adopted and became effective in January 2016. These amendments pertain to the installation of stability instruments and cargo tank purging. In 2013, the MEPC adopted by resolution amendments to the MARPOL Annex I Conditional Assessment Scheme, CAS. These amendments, which became effective on October 1, 2014, pertain to revising references to the inspections of bulk carriers and tankers after the 2011 ESP Code, which enhances the programs of inspections, becomes mandatory. We may need to make certain financial expenditures to comply with these amendments.
Air Emissions
In September of 1997, the IMO adopted Annex VI to MARPOL to address air pollution. Effective May 2005, Annex VI sets limits on nitrogen oxide emissions from ships whose diesel engines were constructed (or underwent major conversions) on or after January 1, 2000. It also prohibits "deliberate emissions" of "ozone depleting substances," defined to include certain halons and chlorofluorocarbons. "Deliberate emissions" are not limited to times when the ship is at sea; they can for example include discharges occurring in the course of the ship's repair and maintenance. Emissions of "volatile organic compounds" from certain tankers, and the shipboard incineration (from incinerators installed after January 1, 2000) of certain substances (such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)) are also prohibited. Annex VI also includes a global cap on the sulfur content of fuel oil (see below).
Annex VI seeks to further reduce air pollution by, among other things, implementing a progressive reduction of the amount of sulfur contained in any fuel oil used on board ships. As of January 1, 2012, the amended Annex VI requires that fuel oil contain no more than 3.50% sulfur. On October 27, 2016, at its 70th session, MEPC 70, MEPC announced its decision concerning the implementation of regulations mandating a reduction in sulfur emissions from the current 3.5% to 0.5% as of the beginning of 2020 rather than pushing the deadline back to 2025. By 2020 ships will now have to either remove sulfur from emissions through the use of emission scrubbers or buy fuel with low sulfur content.
Sulfur content standards are even stricter within certain "Emission Control Areas," or ECAs. As of July 1, 2010, ships operating within an ECA were not permitted to use fuel with sulfur content in excess of 1.0%, which was further reduced to 0.10% as of January 1, 2015. Amended Annex VI establishes procedures for designating new ECAs. The Baltic Sea and the North Sea have been so designated. Ocean-going vessels in these areas are subject to stringent emission controls, which may cause us to incur additional costs. On August 1, 2012, certain coastal areas of North America were designated ECAs and effective January 1, 2014 the United States Caribbean Sea was designated an ECA. If other ECAs are approved by the IMO or other new or more stringent requirements relating to emissions from marine diesel engines or port operations by vessels are adopted by the EPA or the states where we operate, compliance with these regulations could entail significant capital expenditures or otherwise increase the costs of our operations.
U.S. air emissions standards are now equivalent to these amended Annex VI requirements, and once these amendments become effective, we may incur costs to comply with these revised standards. At MEPC 70, MEPC approved the North Sea and Baltic Sea as ECAs for nitrogen oxides, effective January 1, 2021. It is expected that these areas will be formally designated after the draft amendments are presented at MEPC's next session. Additional or new conventions, laws and regulations may be adopted that could require the installation of expensive emission control systems.
As of January 1, 2013, MARPOL made mandatory certain measures relating to energy efficiency for new ships. Under these measures, by 2025, all new ships built will be 30% more energy efficient than those built in 2014.  Currently operating ships are now required to develop and implement Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plans, SEEMPs, and new ships must be designed in compliance with minimum energy efficiency levels per capacity mile, as defined by the Energy Efficient Design Index, or EEDI.
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Amended Annex VI also establishes new tiers of stringent nitrogen oxide emissions standards for new marine engines, depending on their date of installation. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, or EPA, promulgated equivalent (and in some senses stricter) emissions standards in late 2009. Other federal and state regulations relating to the control of greenhouse gas emissions may follow, including climate change initiatives that have recently been considered in the U.S. Congress. Furthermore, in the United States individual states can also enact environmental regulations. For example, California has introduced caps for greenhouse gas emission and, in the end of 2016, signaled it might take additional actions regarding climate change. As a result of these designations or similar future designations, we may be required to incur additional operating or other costs.
Safety Management System Requirements
The IMO also adopted the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, or SOLAS, and the International Convention on Load Lines, or LL, which impose a variety of standards that regulate the design and operational features of ships. The IMO periodically revises the SOLAS and LL standards. May 2012 SOLAS amendments entered into force as of January 1, 2014. Additionally, May 2013 SOLAS amendments, pertaining to emergency drills, entered into force in January 2015. Several SOLAS regulations also came into effect in 2016, including regulations regarding adequate vessel integrity maintenance, structural requirements, and construction.  The Convention on Limitation for Maritime Claims, LLMC, was recently amended and the amendments went into effect on June 8, 2015. The amendments alter the limits of liability for a loss of life or personal injury claim and a property claim against ship owners.
Our operations are also subject to environmental standards and requirements contained in the International Safety Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and for Pollution Prevention, or ISM Code, promulgated by the IMO under Chapter IX of SOLAS. The ISM Code requires the owner of a vessel, or any person who has taken responsibility for operation of a vessel, to develop an extensive safety management system that includes, among other things, the adoption of a safety and environmental protection policy setting forth instructions and procedures for operating its vessels safely and describing procedures for responding to emergencies. We will rely upon the safety management system that has been developed for our vessels for compliance with the ISM Code.
The ISM Code requires that vessel operators also obtain a safety management certificate for each vessel they operate. This certificate evidences compliance by a vessel's management with code requirements for a safety management system. No vessel can obtain a certificate unless its manager has been awarded a document of compliance, issued by each flag state, under the ISM Code. Our manager is in the process to obtain documents of compliance for its offices and safety management certificates for all of our vessels for which the certificates are required by the ISM Code. These documents of compliance and safety management certificates are renewed as required.
Noncompliance with the ISM Code and other IMO regulations may subject the shipowner or bareboat charterer to increased liability, may lead to decreases in, or invalidation of, available insurance coverage for affected vessels and may result in the denial of access to, or detention in, some ports.
Pollution Control and Liability Requirements
IMO has negotiated international conventions that impose liability for pollution in international waters and the territorial waters of the signatory nations to such conventions. For example, many countries have ratified and follow the liability plan adopted by the IMO and set out in the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage of 1969, as amended by different Protocol in 1976, 1984, and 1992, and amended in 2000, or the CLC. Under the CLC and depending on whether the country in which the damage results is a party to the 1992 Protocol to the CLC, a vessel's registered owner is strictly liable for pollution damage caused in the territorial waters of a contracting state by discharge of persistent oil, subject to certain exceptions. The 1992 Protocol changed certain limits on liability, expressed using the International Monetary Fund currency unit of Special Drawing Rights. The limits on liability have since been amended so that compensation limits on liability were raised. The right to limit liability is forfeited under the CLC where the spill is caused by the shipowner's personal fault and under the 1992 Protocol where the spill is caused by the shipowner's personal act or omission by intentional or reckless act or omission where the shipowner knew pollution damage would probably result. The CLC requires ships covered by it to maintain insurance covering the liability of the owner in a sum equivalent to an owner's liability for a single incident. We believe that our protection and indemnity insurance will cover the liability under the plan adopted by the IMO.

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The IMO adopted the International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage, or the Bunker Convention, to impose strict liability on shipowners for pollution damage in jurisdictional waters of ratifying states caused by discharges of bunker fuel. The Bunker Convention requires registered owners of ships over 1,000 gross tons to maintain insurance for pollution damage in an amount equal to the limits of liability under the applicable national or international limitation regime (but not exceeding the amount calculated in accordance with the Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims of 1976, as amended). With respect to non-ratifying states, liability for spills or releases of oil carried as fuel in ship's bunkers typically is determined by the national or other domestic laws in the jurisdiction where the events or damages occur.
In addition, the IMO adopted an International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments, or the BWM Convention, in February 2004. The BWM Convention's implementing regulations call for a phased introduction of mandatory ballast water exchange requirements to be replaced in time with mandatory concentration limits. All ships will also have to carry a ballast water record book and an International Ballast Water Management Certificate.  The BWM Convention enters into force 12 months after it has been adopted by 30 states, the combined merchant fleets of which represent not less than 35% of the gross tonnage of the world's merchant shipping. On September 8, 2016, this threshold was met (with 52 contracting parties making up 35.14%). Thus, the Convention will enter into force on September 8, 2017. The IMO has passed a resolution encouraging the ratification of the Convention and calling upon those countries that have already ratified to encourage the installation of ballast water management systems on new ships. Many of the implementation dates originally written into the BWM Convention have already passed, so that once the BWM Convention enters into force, the period for installation of mandatory ballast water exchange requirements would be extremely short, with several thousand ships a year needing to install ballast water management systems, or BWMS. For this reason, on December 4, 2013, the IMO Assembly passed a resolution revising the application dates of the BWM Convention so that they are triggered by the entry into force date and not the dates originally in the BWM Convention. This in effect makes all vessels constructed before the entry into force date 'existing' vessels, and allows for the installation of a BWMS on such vessels at the first renewal survey following entry into force. At MEPC 70, MEPC updated "guidelines for approval of ballast water managements systems (G8)." G8 updates previous guidelines concerning the procedures to approve BWMS.
Upon entry into force of the BWM Convention, mid-ocean ballast water exchange would become mandatory for our vessels. When mid-ocean ballast exchange or ballast water treatment requirements become mandatory, the cost of compliance could increase for ocean carriers and the costs of ballast water treatments may be material. However, many countries already regulate the discharge of ballast water carried by vessels from country to country to prevent the introduction of invasive and harmful species via such discharges. The United States, for example, requires vessels entering its waters from another country to conduct mid-ocean ballast exchange, or undertake some alternate measure, and to comply with certain reporting requirements. Although we do not believe that the costs of such compliance would be material, it is difficult to predict the overall impact of such a requirement on our operations.
The IMO continues to review and introduce new regulations. It is impossible to predict what additional regulations, if any, may be passed by the IMO and what effect, if any, such regulations might have on our operations.
U.S. Regulations
The U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990, or OPA, established an extensive regulatory and liability regime for the protection and cleanup of the environment from oil spills. OPA affects all "owners and operators" whose vessels trade in the United States, its territories and possessions or whose vessels operate in U.S. waters, which includes the U.S. territorial sea and its 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone. The United States has also enacted the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, or CERCLA, which applies to the discharge of hazardous substances other than oil, whether on land or at sea. OPA and CERCLA both define "owner and operator" in the case of a vessel as any person owning, operating or chartering by demise, the vessel. Accordingly, both OPA and CERCLA impact our operations.

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Under OPA, vessel owners and operators are "responsible parties" and are jointly, severally and strictly liable (unless the spill results solely from the act or omission of a third party, an act of God or an act of war) for all containment and clean-up costs and other damages arising from discharges or threatened discharges of oil from their vessels. OPA defines these other damages broadly to include:
·
injury to, destruction or loss of, or loss of use of, natural resources and related assessment costs;
·
injury to, or economic losses resulting from, the destruction of real and personal property;
·
net loss of taxes, royalties, rents, fees or net profit revenues resulting from injury, destruction or loss of real or personal property, or natural resources;
·
loss of subsistence use of natural resources that are injured, destroyed or lost;
·
lost profits or impairment of earning capacity due to injury, destruction or loss of real or personal property or natural resources; and
·
net cost of increased or additional public services necessitated by removal activities following a discharge of oil, such as protection from fire, safety or health hazards, and loss of subsistence use of natural resources
OPA contains statutory caps on liability and damages; such caps do not apply to direct cleanup costs. Effective December 21, 2015, the U.S. Coast Guard, or the USCG, adjusted the limits of OPA liability to the greater of $2,200 per gross ton or $18,796,800 for any double-hull tanker that is over 3,000 gross tons (subject to periodic adjustment for inflation), and our fleet is entirely composed of vessels of this size class. These limits of liability do not apply if an incident was proximately caused by the violation of an applicable U.S. federal safety, construction or operating regulation by a responsible party (or its agent, employee or a person acting pursuant to a contractual relationship), or a responsible party's gross negligence or willful misconduct. The limitation on liability similarly does not apply if the responsible party fails or refuses to (i) report the incident where the responsibility party knows or has reason to know of the incident; (ii) reasonably cooperate and assist as requested in connection with oil removal activities; or (iii) without sufficient cause, comply with an order issued under the Federal Water Pollution Act (Section 311 (c), (e)) or the Intervention on the High Seas Act.
CERCLA contains a similar liability regime whereby owners and operators of vessels are liable for cleanup, removal and remedial costs, as well as damage for injury to, or destruction or loss of, natural resources, including the reasonable costs associated with assessing same, and health assessments or health effects studies. There is no liability if the discharge of a hazardous substance results solely from the act or omission of a third party, an act of God or an act of war. Liability under CERCLA is limited to the greater of $300 per gross ton or $5 million for vessels carrying a hazardous substance as cargo and the greater of $300 per gross ton or $500,000 for any other vessel. These limits do not apply (rendering the responsible person liable for the total cost of response and damages) if the release or threat of release of a hazardous substance resulted from willful misconduct or negligence, or the primary cause of the release was a violation of applicable safety, construction or operating standards or regulations. The limitation on liability also does not apply if the responsible person fails or refused to provide all reasonable cooperation and assistance as requested in connection with response activities where the vessel is subject to OPA.
OPA and CERLA each preserve the right to recover damages under existing law, including maritime tort law.
OPA and CERCLA both require owners and operators of vessels to establish and maintain with the USCG evidence of financial responsibility sufficient to meet the maximum amount of liability to which the particular responsible person may be subject. Vessel owners and operators may satisfy their financial responsibility obligations by providing a proof of insurance, a surety bond, qualification as a self-insurer or a guarantee.

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OPA permits individual states to impose their own liability regimes with regard to oil pollution incidents occurring within their boundaries, provided they accept, at a minimum, the levels of liability established under OPA. Some states have enacted legislation providing for unlimited liability for discharge of pollutants within their waters, however, in some cases, states which have enacted this type of legislation have not yet issued implementing regulations defining tanker owners' responsibilities under these laws.
The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico may also result in additional regulatory initiatives or statutes, including the raising of liability caps under OPA. For example, on August 15, 2012, the U.S. Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement, or the BSEE, issued a final drilling safety rule for offshore oil and gas operations that strengthens the requirements for safety equipment, well control systems, and blowout prevention practices. In December 2015, the BSEE announced a new pilot inspection program for offshore facilities. In April 2015, it was announced that new regulations are expected to be imposed in the United States regarding offshore oil and gas drilling. Furthermore, on December 20, 2016, the United States President invoked a law that banned offshore oil and gas drilling in large areas of the Arctic and the Atlantic Seaboard.  It is presently unclear how long this ban will remain in effect. A ban on new drilling in Canadian Arctic waters was announced simultaneously.  Compliance with any new requirements of OPA may substantially impact our cost of operations or require us to incur additional expenses to comply with any new regulatory initiatives or statutes.
Through our P&I Club membership, we maintain pollution liability coverage insurance in the amount of $1 billion per incident for each of our vessels. If the damages from a catastrophic spill were to exceed our insurance coverage, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
The U.S. Clean Water Act, or CWA, prohibits the discharge of oil, hazardous substances and ballast water in U.S. navigable waters unless authorized by a duly-issued permit or exemption, and imposes strict liability in the form of penalties for any unauthorized discharges. The CWA also imposes substantial liability for the costs of removal, remediation and damages and complements the remedies available under OPA and CERCLA. Furthermore, many U.S. states that border a navigable waterway have enacted environmental pollution laws that impose strict liability on a person for removal costs and damages resulting from a discharge of oil or a release of a hazardous substance. These laws may be more stringent than U.S. federal law.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency, or the EPA, regulates the discharge of ballast and bilge water and other substances in United States waters under the CWA. The EPA regulations require vessels 79 feet in length or longer (other than commercial fishing vessels and recreational vessels) comply with a permit that regulates ballast water discharges and other discharges incidental to the normal operation of certain vessels within United States waters the Vessel General Permit for Discharges Incidental to the Normal Operation of Vessels, or the VGP. For a new vessel delivered to an owner or operator after September 19, 2009 to be covered by the VGP, the owner must submit a Notice of Intent, or the NOI, at least 30 days before the vessel operates in United States waters. In March 2013, the EPA re-issued the VGP for another five years, and the new VGP took effect in December 2013. The 2013 VGP focuses on authorizing discharges incidental to operations of commercial vessels and the 2013 VGP contains ballast water discharge limits for most vessels to reduce the risk of invasive species in US waters, more stringent requirements for exhaust gas scrubbers and the use of environmentally acceptable lubricants. We have submitted NOIs for our vessels where required and do not believe that the costs associated with obtaining and complying with the VGP will have a material impact on our operations.
The USCG regulations adopted under the U.S. National Invasive Species Act, or NISA, also impose mandatory ballast water management practices for all vessels equipped with ballast water tanks entering or operating in U.S. waters, which require the installation of equipment to treat ballast water before it is discharged in U.S. waters or, in the alternative, the implementation of other port facility disposal arrangements or procedures. Vessels not complying with these regulations are restricted from entering U.S. waters. The USCG must approve any technology before it is placed on a vessel, but has not yet approved the technology necessary for vessels to meet these standards.
44



Notwithstanding the foregoing, as of January 1, 2014, vessels are technically subject to the phasing-in of these standards. As a result, the USCG has provided waivers to vessels which cannot install the as-yet unapproved technology. The EPA, on the other hand, has taken a different approach to enforcing ballast discharge standards under the VGP. On December 27, 2013, the EPA issued an enforcement response policy in connection with the new VGP in which the EPA indicated that it would take into account the reasons why vessels do not have the requisite technology installed, but will not grant any waivers.
It should also be noted that in October 2015, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals issued a ruling that directed the EPA to redraft the sections of the 2013 VGP that address ballast water. However, the Second Circuit stated that 2013 VGP will remains in effect until the EPA issues a new VGP.
Compliance with the EPA and the USCG regulations could require the installation of equipment on our vessels to treat ballast water before it is discharged or the implementation of other port facility disposal arrangements or procedures at potentially substantial cost, or may otherwise restrict our vessels from entering U.S. waters. In addition, certain states have enacted more stringent discharge standards as conditions to their required certification of the VGP.
We believe we are in compliance with the EPA and the USCG regulations that require vessels to treat ballast water before it is discharged, since all our vessels have, and our new buildings will have, ballast water treatment systems.
The U.S. Clean Air Act of 1970 (including its amendments of 1977 and 1990), or the CAA, requires the EPA to promulgate standards applicable to emissions of volatile organic compounds and other air contaminants. Our vessels will be subject to vapor control and recovery requirements for certain cargoes when loading, unloading, ballasting, cleaning and conducting other operations in regulated port areas. Should our vessels operate in such port areas with restricted cargoes they will be equipped with vapor recovery systems that satisfy these requirements. The CAA also requires states to draft State Implementation Plans, or SIPs, designed to attain national health-based air quality standards in each state. Although state-specific, SIPs may include regulations concerning emissions resulting from vessel loading and unloading operations by requiring the installation of vapor control equipment.
European Union Regulations
In October 2009, the European Union amended a directive to impose criminal sanctions for illicit ship-source discharges of polluting substances, including minor discharges, if committed with intent, recklessly or with serious negligence and the discharges individually or in the aggregate result in deterioration of the quality of water. Aiding and abetting the discharge of a polluting substance may also lead to criminal penalties. Member States were required to enact laws or regulations to comply with the directive by the end of 2010. Criminal liability for pollution may result in substantial penalties or fines and increased civil liability claims.
Greenhouse Gas Regulation
Currently, the emissions of greenhouse gases from international shipping are not subject to the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which entered into force in 2005 and pursuant to which adopting countries have been required to implement national programs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris resulted in the Paris Agreement, which entered into force on November 4, 2016. The Paris Agreement does not directly limited greenhouse gas emissions for ships.
As of January 1, 2013, all new ships must comply with two new sets of mandatory requirements adopted by the IMO's Marine Environmental Protection Committee, or the MEPC, in July 2011 relating to greenhouse gas emissions. Under these measures, by 2025, all new ships built will be 30% more energy efficient than those built in 2014. Currently operating ships are now required to develop Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plans, and minimum energy efficiency levels per capacity mile will apply to new ships. These requirements could cause us to incur additional compliance costs. The IMO is also planning to implement market-based mechanisms to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from ships at an upcoming MEPC session.  In April 2015, a regulation was adopted requiring that large ships (over 5,000 gross tons) calling at European Union ports from January 2018 collect and publish data on carbon dioxide emissions and other information.
45



In the United States, the EPA has issued a finding that greenhouse gases endanger the public health and safety and has adopted regulations to limit greenhouse gas emissions from certain mobile sources and has proposed regulations to limit greenhouse gases from large stationary sources. The EPA enforces both the CAA and the international standards found in Annex VI of MARPOL concerning marine diesel engines, their emissions, and the sulphur content in marine fuel. Any passage of climate control legislation or other regulatory initiatives adopted by the IMO, European Union, the U.S. or other countries where we operate, or any treaty adopted at the international level to succeed the Kyoto Protocol or the Paris Agreement that restrict emissions of greenhouse gases from marine vessels could require us to make significant financial expenditures, including capital expenditures to upgrade our vessels, which we cannot predict with certainty at this time.
International Labour Organization
The International Labour Organization, or ILO, is a specialized agency of the UN with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. The ILO has adopted the Maritime Labor Convention 2006, or the MLC 2006. A Maritime Labor Certificate and a Declaration of Maritime Labor Compliance will be required to ensure compliance with the MLC 2006 for all ships above 500 gross tons in international trade. The MLC 2006 entered into force on August 20, 2013. MLC 2006 requires us to develop new procedures to ensure full compliance with its requirements. Amendments to the MLC 2006 were adopted in 2014 and more amendments were proposed in 2016. The MLC 2006 requires us to develop new procedures to ensure full compliance with its requirements.
Vessel Security Regulations
Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, there have been a variety of initiatives intended to enhance vessel security. On November 25, 2002, the U.S. Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002, or the MTSA, came into effect. To implement certain portions of the MTSA, in July 2003, the USCG issued regulations requiring the implementation of certain security requirements aboard vessels operating in waters subject to the jurisdiction of the United States. The regulations also impose requirements on certain ports and facilities, some of which are regulated by the EPA.
Similarly, in December 2002, amendments to SOLAS created a new chapter of the convention dealing specifically with maritime security. The new Chapter XI-2 became effective in July 2004 and imposes various detailed security obligations on vessels and port authorities, and mandates compliance with the International Ship and Port Facilities Security Code, or the ISPS Code. The ISPS Code is designed to enhance the security of ports and ships against terrorism.
To trade internationally, a vessel must attain an International Ship Security Certificate, or ISSC, from a recognized security organization approved by the vessel's flag state. Among the various requirements, some of which are found in SOLAS, are:
·
on-board installation of automatic identification systems to provide a means for the automatic transmission of safety-related information from among similarly equipped ships and shore stations, including information on a ship's identity, position, course, speed and navigational status;
·
on-board installation of ship security alert systems, which do not sound on the vessel but only alert the authorities on shore;
·
the development of vessel security plans;
·
ship identification number to be permanently marked on a vessel's hull;
·
a continuous synopsis record kept onboard showing a vessel's history, including the name of the ship, the state whose flag the ship is entitled to fly, the date on which the ship was registered with that state, the ship's identification number, the port at which the ship is registered and the name of the registered owner(s) and their registered address; and
·
compliance with flag state security certification requirements.
46



Ships operating without a valid certificate, may be detained at port until it obtains an ISSC, or it may be expelled from port, or refused entry at port.
The USCG regulations, intended to align with international maritime security standards, exempt from MTSA vessel security measures non-U.S. vessels provided such vessels have on board a valid ISSC that attests to the vessel's compliance with SOLAS security requirements and the ISPS Code.
Inspection by Classification Societies
Every seagoing vessel must be "classed" by a classification society. The classification society certifies that the vessel is "in class," signifying that the vessel has been built and maintained in accordance with the rules of the classification society and complies with applicable rules and regulations of the vessel's country of registry and the international conventions of which that country is a member. In addition, where surveys are required by international conventions and corresponding laws and ordinances of a flag state, the classification society will undertake them on application or by official order, acting on behalf of the authorities concerned.
The classification society also undertakes on request other surveys and checks that are required by regulations and requirements of the flag state. These surveys are subject to agreements made in each individual case and/or to the regulations of the country concerned.
For maintenance of the class, regular and extraordinary surveys of hull, machinery, including the electrical plant, and any special equipment classed are required to be performed as follows:
Annual Surveys: For seagoing ships, annual surveys are conducted for the hull and the machinery, including the electrical plant, and where applicable for special equipment classed, within three months before or after each anniversary date of the date of commencement of the class period indicated in the certificate.
Intermediate Surveys: Extended annual surveys are referred to as intermediate surveys and typically are conducted two and one-half years after commissioning and each class renewal.  Intermediate surveys are to be carried out at or between the occasion of the second or third annual survey.
Class Renewal Surveys: Class renewal surveys, also known as special surveys, are carried out for the ship's hull, machinery, including the electrical plant, and for any special equipment classed, at the intervals indicated by the character of classification for the hull.  At the special survey, the vessel is thoroughly examined, including audio-gauging to determine the thickness of the steel structures.  Should the thickness be found to be less than class requirements, the classification society would prescribe steel renewals.  The classification society may grant a one-year grace period for completion of the special survey.  Substantial amounts of money may have to be spent for steel renewals to pass a special survey if the vessel experiences excessive wear and tear.  In lieu of the special survey every four or five years, depending on whether a grace period was granted, a vessel owner has the option of arranging with the classification society for the vessel's hull or machinery to be on a continuous survey cycle, in which every part of the vessel would be surveyed within a five-year cycle.
At an owner's application, the surveys required for class renewal may be split according to an agreed schedule to extend over the entire period of class. This process is referred to as continuous class renewal.
All areas subject to survey as defined by the classification society are required to be surveyed at least once per class period, unless shorter intervals between surveys are prescribed elsewhere. The period between two subsequent surveys of each area must not exceed five years.
Most vessels are also dry-docked every 30 to 36 months for inspection of the underwater parts and for repairs related to inspections. If any defects are found, the classification surveyor will issue a "recommendation" which must be rectified by the ship owner within prescribed time limits.

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Most insurance underwriters make it a condition for insurance coverage that a vessel be certified as "in class" by a classification society which is a member of the International Association of Classification Societies. All new and secondhand vessels that we purchase must be certified prior to their delivery under our standard contracts and memorandum of agreement. If the vessel is not certified on the date of closing, we have no obligation to take delivery of the vessel.
Customers
Our customers include national, regional and international companies. We have historically derived a significant part of our revenue from a small number of charterers In 2016, 100% of our revenue was derived from three charterers, 54% from Stena Weco A/S, 38% from BP Shipping Limited and 8% from DS Norden A/S. In 2015, 97% of our revenue was derived from two charterers, Stena Weco A/S and BP Shipping Limited, which respectively provided 78% and 19% of our revenues, respectively. We strategically monitor developments in the tanker industry on a regular basis and, subject to market demand, seek to adjust the charter hire periods for our vessels according to prevailing market conditions.
C.
Organizational Structure

We are a Marshall Islands corporation with principal executive offices located at 1 Vasilisis Sofias and Megalou Alexandrou Str, 15124 Maroussi, Greece. We own and charter-in our vessels through wholly-owned subsidiaries that are incorporated in the Marshall Islands or other jurisdictions generally acceptable to lenders in the shipping industry. Our significant wholly-owned subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 are listed in Exhibit 8.1 to this annual report on Form 20-F.
D.
Property, Plants and Equipment

For a list of the vessels of our fleet, please see "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Fleet" above and for a description of our major encumbrances on our fleet please see "Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Debt Facilities".
We do not own any real estate property.
ITEM 4A.
UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
ITEM 5.
OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS
The following presentation of management's discussion and analysis is intended to discuss our financial condition, changes in financial condition and results of operations, and should be read in conjunction with our historical consolidated financial statements and their notes included in this annual report.
This discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our current views with respect to future events and financial performance. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, such as those set forth in "Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this report.

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A.
Operating Results
Factors Affecting our Results of Operations
We believe that the important measures for analyzing trends in the results of our operations consist of the following:
·
Calendar days. We define calendar days as the total number of days the vessels were in our possession for the relevant period. Calendar days are an indicator of the size of our fleet during the relevant period and affect both the amount of revenues and expenses that we record during that period.
·
Available days. We define available days as the number of calendar days less the aggregate number of days that our vessels are off-hire due to scheduled repairs, or scheduled guarantee inspections in the case of newbuildings, vessel upgrades or special or intermediate surveys and the aggregate amount of time that we spend positioning our vessels. Companies in the shipping industry generally use available days to measure the number of days in a period during which vessels should be capable of generating revenues.
·
Operating days. We define operating days as the number of available days in a period less the aggregate number of days that our vessels are off-hire due to unforeseen technical circumstances. The shipping industry uses operating days to measure the aggregate number of days in a period that our vessels actually generate revenues.
·
Fleet utilization. We calculate fleet utilization by dividing the number of operating days during a period by the number of available days during that period. The shipping industry uses fleet utilization to measure a company's efficiency in finding suitable employment for its vessels and minimizing the number of days that its vessels are off-hire for reasons other than scheduled repairs or scheduled guarantee inspections in the case of newbuildings, vessel upgrades, special or intermediate surveys and vessel positioning.
·
Spot Charter Rates. Spot charter rates are volatile and fluctuate on a seasonal and year-to-year basis. Fluctuations derive from imbalances in the availability of cargoes for shipment and the number of vessels available at any given time to transport these cargoes.
·
Bareboat Charter Rates. Under a bareboat charter party, all operating costs, voyage costs and cargo-related costs are covered by the charterer, who takes both the operational and the shipping market risk.
·
TCE Revenues / TCE Rates. We define TCE revenues as revenues minus voyage expenses. Voyage expenses primarily consist of port, canal and fuel costs that are unique to a particular voyage, which would otherwise be paid by a charterer under a time charter, as well as commissions. We believe that presenting revenues net of voyage expenses neutralizes the variability created by unique costs associated with particular voyages or the deployment of vessels on the spot market and facilitates comparisons between periods on a consistent basis. We calculate daily TCE rates by dividing TCE revenues by operating days for the relevant time period. TCE revenues include demurrage revenue, which represents fees charged to charterers associated with our spot market voyages when the charterer exceeds the agreed upon time required to load or discharge a cargo.
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In the shipping industry, economic decisions are based on vessels' deployment upon anticipated TCE rates, and industry analysts typically measure shipping freight rates in terms of TCE rates. This is because under time-charter and bareboat contracts the customer usually pays the voyage expenses, while under voyage charters the ship-owner usually pays the voyage expenses, which typically are added to the hire rate at an approximate cost. Consistent with industry practice, we use TCE rates because it provides a means of comparison between different types of vessel employment and, therefore, assists our decision-making process.
In evaluating our financial condition, we focus on the below measures to assess our historical operating performance and we use future estimates of the same measures to assess our future financial performance. In assessing the future performance of our fleet, the greatest uncertainty relates to future charter rates at the expiration of a vessel's present period employment, whether under a time charter or a bareboat charter. Decisions about future purchases and sales of vessels are based on the availability of excess internal funds, the availability of financing and the financial and operational evaluation of such actions and depend on the overall state of the shipping market and the availability of relevant purchase candidates.
Voyage Revenues
Our voyage revenues are driven primarily by the number of vessels in our fleet, the number of operating days during which our vessels generate revenues and the amount of daily charterhire that our vessels earn under charters, which, in turn, are affected by a number of factors, including our decisions relating to vessel acquisitions and disposals, the amount of time that we spend positioning our vessels, the amount of time that our vessels spend in dry-dock undergoing repairs, maintenance and upgrade work, the duration of the charter, the age, condition and specifications of our vessels, levels of supply and demand in the global transportation market for oil and oil products and other factors affecting spot market charter rates such as vessel supply and demand imbalances.
Vessels operating on period charters, time charters or bareboat charters provide more predictable cash flows, but can yield lower profit margins than vessels operating in the short-term, or spot, charter market during periods characterized by favorable market conditions. Vessels operating in the spot charter market, either directly or through a pool arrangement, generate revenues that are less predictable, but may enable us to capture increased profit margins during periods of improvements in charter rates, although we are exposed to the risk of declining charter rates, which may have a materially adverse impact on our financial performance. If we employ vessels on period charters, future spot market rates may be higher or lower than the rates at which we have employed our vessels on period time charters.
Under a time charter, the charterer typically pays us a fixed daily charter hire rate and bears all voyage expenses, including the cost of bunkers (fuel oil) and port and canal charges. We remain responsible for paying the chartered vessel's operating expenses, including the cost of crewing, insuring, repairing and maintaining the vessel, the costs of spares and consumable stores, tonnage taxes and other miscellaneous expenses, and we also pay commissions to CSM, one or more unaffiliated ship brokers and to in-house brokers associated with the charterer for the arrangement of the relevant charter.
Under a bareboat charter, the vessel is chartered for a stipulated period of time, which gives the charterer possession and control of the vessel, including the right to appoint the master and the crew. Under bareboat charters, all voyage and operating costs are paid by the charterer.
As of the date of this annual report, we have bareboat chartered-in two product/chemical tankers, own another four product/chemical tankers vessels and own a 40% ownership interest of an entity that owns one product/chemical tanker vessel. We may in the future operate vessels in the spot market until the vessels have been chartered under appropriate medium to long-term charters.
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Voyage Expenses
Voyage expenses primarily consist of port charges, including canal dues, bunkers (fuel costs) and commissions. All these expenses, except commissions, are paid by the charterer under a time charter or bareboat charter contract. The amount of voyage expenses are primarily driven by the routes that the vessels travel, the amount of ports called on, the canals crossed and the price of bunker fuels paid.
Charter Hire Expenses
Charter hire expenses represent lease payments for vessels we bareboat charter-in.
On January 29, 2015 and March 31, 2015, we entered into sale and leaseback agreements for the M/T Stenaweco Energy and M/T Stenaweco Evolution, respectively, with a duration of seven years.
Vessel Operating Expenses
Vessel operating expenses include crew wages and related costs, the cost of insurance, expenses relating to repairs and maintenance, the costs of spares and consumable stores, tonnage taxes and value added tax, or VAT, and other miscellaneous expenses for vessels that we own or lease under our operating leases. We analyze vessel operating expenses on a U.S. dollar per day basis. Additionally, vessel operating expenses can fluctuate due to factors beyond our control, such as unplanned repairs and maintenance attributable to damages or regulatory compliance and factors which may affect the shipping industry in general, such as developments relating to insurance premiums, or developments relating to the availability of crew.
Dry-docking Costs
Dry-docking costs relate to regularly scheduled intermediate survey or special survey dry-docking necessary to preserve the quality of our vessels as well as to comply with international shipping standards and environmental laws and regulations. Dry-docking costs can vary according to the age of the vessel, the location where the dry-dock takes place, shipyard availability, local availability of manpower and material, and the billing currency of the yard. Please see "Item 18. Financial Statements—Note 2—Significant Accounting Policies." In the case of tankers, dry-docking costs may also be affected by new rules and regulations. For further information please see "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Environmental Regulations."
Management Fees—Related Parties
As of March 31, 2014, we have outsourced to CSM all operational, technical and commercial functions relating to the chartering and operation of our vessels. We outsourced the above functions pursuant to a letter agreement between CSM and TOP Ships Inc. and management agreements between CSM and our then vessel-owning subsidiaries on March 10, 2014. See "Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions—Central Shipping Monaco Letter Agreement, Management Agreements, and Other Agreements" and "Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions—Central Mare Letter Agreement, Management Agreements, and Other Agreements."
General and Administrative Expenses

Our general and administrative expenses include executive compensation paid to Central Mare for the compensation of our executive officers and a number of administrative staff, office rent, legal and auditing costs, regulatory compliance costs, other miscellaneous office expenses, non-cash stock compensation, and corporate overhead. Central Mare provides the services of the individuals who serve in the position of Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Executive Vice President and Chief Technical Officer as well as a number of administrative employees. For further information please see "Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions—Central Mare Letter Agreement, Management Agreements, and Other Agreements" and "Item 18. Financial Statements—Note 6—Transactions with Related Parties."
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A portion of our general and administrative expenses are denominated in Euros and are therefore affected by the conversion rate of the U.S. dollar versus the Euro.
Interest and Finance Costs
We incur interest expense on outstanding indebtedness under our loans and credit facilities, which we include in interest and finance costs. We also incur finance costs in establishing those debt facilities which are deferred and amortized over the period of the respective facility. The amortization of the finance costs is presented in interest and finance costs.
Inflation
Inflation has not had a material effect on our expenses. In the event that significant global inflationary pressures appear, these pressures would increase our operating, voyage, administrative and financing costs.
Lack of Historical Operating Data for Vessels before Their Acquisition

Although vessels are generally acquired free of charter, we have acquired (and may in the future acquire) some vessels with time charters. Where a vessel has been under a voyage charter, the vessel is usually delivered to the buyer free of charter. It is rare in the shipping industry for the last charterer of the vessel in the hands of the seller to continue as the first charterer of the vessel in the hands of the buyer. In most cases, when a vessel is under time charter and the buyer wishes to assume that charter, the vessel cannot be acquired without the charterer's consent and the buyer entering into a separate direct agreement, or a novation agreement, with the charterer to assume the charter. The purchase of a vessel itself does not transfer the charter because it is a separate agreement between the vessel owner and the charterer.
Where we identify any intangible assets or liabilities associated with the acquisition of a vessel, we allocate the purchase price to identified tangible and intangible assets or liabilities based on their relative fair values. Fair value is determined by reference to market data and the discounted amount of expected future cash flows. Where we have assumed an existing charter obligation or entered into a time charter with the existing charterer in connection with the purchase of a vessel at charter rates that are less than market charter rates, we record a liability, based on the difference between the assumed charter rate and the market charter rate for an equivalent vessel. Conversely, where we assume an existing charter obligation or enter into a time charter with the existing charterer in connection with the purchase of a vessel at charter rates that are above market charter rates, we record an asset, based on the difference between the market charter rate for an equivalent vessel and the contracted charter rate. This determination is made at the time the vessel is delivered to us, and such assets and liabilities are amortized as a reduction or increase to revenue over the remaining period of the charter.
None of the vessels acquired in 2014 gave rise to a recognition of any intangible asset or liability associated with those acquisitions.
When we purchase a vessel and assume or renegotiate a related time charter, we must take the following steps before the vessel will be ready to commence operations:
·
obtain the charterer's consent to us as the new owner;
·
obtain the charterer's consent to a new technical manager;
·
in some cases, obtain the charterer's consent to a new flag for the vessel;
·
arrange for a new crew for the vessel, and where the vessel is on charter, in some cases, the crew must be approved by the charterer;
52



·
replace all hired equipment on board, such as gas cylinders and communication equipment;
·
negotiate and enter into new insurance contracts for the vessel through our own insurance brokers; and
·
register the vessel under a flag state and perform the related inspections in order to obtain new trading certificates from the flag state.
The following discussion is intended to help you understand how acquisitions of vessels affect our business and results of operations. Our business is comprised of the following main elements:
·
employment and operation of tankers; and
·
management of the financial, general and administrative elements involved in the conduct of our business and ownership of tankers.
The employment and operation of our vessels require the following main components:
·
vessel maintenance and repair;
·
crew selection and training;
·
vessel spares and stores supply;
·
contingency response planning;
·
onboard safety procedures auditing;
·
accounting;
·
vessel insurance arrangement;
·
vessel chartering;
·
vessel security training and security response plans (ISPS);
·
obtain ISM certification and audit for each vessel within the six months of taking over a vessel;
·
vessel hire management;
·
vessel surveying; and
·
vessel performance monitoring.
The management of financial, general and administrative elements involved in the conduct of our business and ownership of our vessels requires the following main components:
·
management of our financial resources, including banking relationships, i.e., administration of bank loans and bank accounts;
·
management of our accounting system and records and financial reporting;
53



·
administration of the legal and regulatory requirements affecting our business and assets; and
·
management of the relationships with our service providers and customers.
The principal factors that affect our profitability, cash flows and shareholders' return on investment include:
·
charter rates and periods of charter hire for our tankers;
·
utilization of our tankers (earnings efficiency);
·
levels of our tanker's operating expenses and dry-docking costs;
·
depreciation and amortization expenses;
·
financing costs; and
·
fluctuations in foreign exchange rates.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS FOR THE FISCAL YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2014, 2015 AND 2016
The following table depicts changes in the results of operations for 2016 compared to 2015 and 2015 compared to 2014.
   
Year Ended December 31,
   
Change
 
         
YE15 v YE14
   
YE16 v YE15
 
   
2014
   
2015
   
2016
         
$
%
         
$
%
 
   
($ in thousands)
                             
Voyage Revenues
   
3,602
     
13,075
     
28,433
     
9,473
     
263.0
%
   
15,358
     
117.5
%
Voyage expenses
   
113
     
370
     
736
     
257
     
227.4
%
   
366
     
98.9
%
Bareboat charter hire expenses
   
-
     
5,274
     
6,299
     
5,274
     
100.0
%
   
1,025
     
19.4
%
Amortization of prepaid bareboat charter hire
   
-
     
1,431
     
1,577
     
1,431
     
100.0
%
   
146
     
10.2
%
Vessel operating expenses
   
1,143
     
4,789
     
9,913
     
3,646
     
319.0
%
   
5,124
     
107.0
%
Vessel depreciation
   
757
     
668
     
3,467
     
(89
)
   
-11.8
%
   
2,799
     
419.0
%
Management fees-related parties
   
703
     
1,621
     
1,824
     
918
     
130.6
%
   
203
     
12.5
%
Other operating income / (loss)
   
(861
)
   
274
     
(3,137
)
   
1,135
     
131.8
%
   
(3,411
)
   
-1244.9
%
General and administrative expenses
   
2,335
     
2,983
     
2,906
     
648
     
27.8
%
   
(77
)
   
-2.6
%
Vessels impairment charge
   
-
     
3,081
     
-
     
3,081
     
100.0
%
   
(3,081
)
   
-100.0
%
Expenses
   
4,190
     
20,491
     
23,585
     
16,301
     
389.0
%
   
3,094
     
15.1
%
Operating income / (loss)
   
(588
)
   
(7,416
)
   
4,848
     
(6,828
)
   
-1,161.2
%
   
12,264
     
165.4
%
Interest and finance costs
   
(450
)
   
(719
)
   
(3,093
)
   
(269
)
   
59.8
%
   
(2,374
)
   
330.2
%
(Loss)/Gain on derivative financial instruments
   
3,866
     
(392
)
   
(698
)
   
(4,258
)
   
-110.1
%
   
(306
)
   
78.1
%
Interest income
   
74
     
-
     
-
     
(74
)
   
100.0
%
   
-
     
-
 
Other, net
   
(6
)
   
20
     
(5
)
   
26
     
433.3
%
   
(25
)
   
-125.0
%
Total other (expenses) / income, net
   
3,484
     
(1,091
)
   
(3,796
)
   
(4,575
)
   
-131.3
%
   
(2,705
)
   
247.9
%
Net income/(loss)
   
2,896
     
(8,507
)
   
1,052
     
(11,403
)
   
-393.8
%
   
9,559
     
112.4
%

54



The table below presents the key measures for each of the years 2014, 2015 and 2016. Please see "Item 3. Key Information—A. Selected Financial Data" for a reconciliation of Average Daily TCE to revenues.


 
Year Ended December 31,
 
Change
 
 
2014
 
2015
 
2016
 
YE15 v YE14
 
YE16 v YE15
 
     
%
 
%
 
FLEET
                   
Total number of vessels at end of period
   
1.0
     
3.0
     
6.0
     
200.0
%
   
100.0
%
Average number of vessels
   
0.5
     
2.2
     
5.0
     
340.0
%
   
127.3
%
Total operating days for fleet under time charters
   
195
     
796
     
1,799
     
308.2
%
   
126
%
Average TCE ($/day)
   
17,892
     
15,961
     
15,396
     
-10.8
%
   
-3.5
%

Year on Year Comparison of Operating Results
1.
Voyage Revenues

2016 vs. 2015
During the year ended December 31, 2016, revenues increased by $15.4 million, or 118%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2015. This increase was due to the employment of M/T Eco Revolution from January 26, 2016 that resulted in an increase in revenue of $5.2 million, the employment of M/T Stenaweco Excellence from May 23, 2016 that resulted in an increase in revenue of $3.6 million, the employment of M/T Eco Fleet for all of 2016 that resulted in an increase in revenue of $3.1 million (as opposed to being employed for approximately five months in the year ended December 31, 2015), the employment of M/T Nord Valiant from August 15, 2016 that resulted in an increase in revenue of $2.3 million and the employment, for all of 2016, of M/T Stenaweco Evolution that resulted in an increase in revenue of $1.6 million (as opposed to being employed for approximately nine months in the year ended December 31, 2015). These increases were offset by the absence in the year ended December 31, 2016 of a revenue claim collection from Marco Polo Seatrade B.V. relating to our sold vessels M/T Ionian Wave and M/T Tyrrhenian Wave, which amounted to $0.4 million in the year ended December 31, 2015.
2015 vs. 2014
During 2015, revenues increased by $9.5 million, or 263%, compared to 2014. This increase was due to the employment of M/T Stenaweco Evolution from April 4, 2015 that resulted in an increase in revenue of $4.3 million, the employment of M/T Eco Fleet from July 20, 2015 that resulted in an increase in revenue of $2.5 million and the full employment, throughout the year, of M/T Stenaweco Energy that resulted in an increase in revenue of $2.8 million, as opposed to approximately half a year for 2014. During 2015, we also collected a revenue claim from Marco Polo Seatrade B.V. relating to our sold vessels M/T Ionian Wave and M/T Tyrrhenian Wave that further increased revenue by another $0.4 million. These increases were offset by the absence of the demurrage revenue that amounted to $0.5 million for the vessel M/T Noiseless in 2014.

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Expenses
1.
Voyage expenses
Voyage expenses primarily consist of port charges, including bunkers (fuel costs), canal dues and commissions.
2016 vs. 2015
During the year ended December 31, 2016, voyage expenses increased by $0.4 million, or 99%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2015. This increase was due to the fact that M/T Eco Revolution started operating from January 21, 2016 and resulted in an increase in voyage expenses of $0.2 million, M/T Stenaweco Excellence started operating on May 20, 2016 and resulted in an increase in voyage expenses of $0.1 million and M/T Nord Valiant started operating on August 10, 2016 and resulted in an increase in voyage expenses of $0.1 million.
2015 vs. 2014
During 2015, voyage expenses increased by $0.3 million, or 227%, compared to 2014. This increase is primarily due to the fact that M/T Stenaweco Evolution started operating on March 31, 2015 and incurred voyage expenses of $0.1 million, M/T Eco Fleet started operating on July 15, 2015 and incurred voyage expenses, of $0.1 million and M/T Stenaweco Energy operated for the full year resulting in an increase in voyage expenses of $0.1 million (as opposed to 2014 when the M/T Stenaweco Energy operated for approximately half the year).
2.
Bareboat charter hire expenses
2016 vs. 2015
During the year ended December 31, 2016, bareboat charter hire expenses increased by $1.0 million, or 19%, compared to year ended December 31, 2015. This increase was due to fact that M/T Stenaweco Evolution was operational throughout the year ended December 31, 2016, and resulted in an increase in bareboat charter hire expenses of $0.8 million (as opposed to operating for approximately nine months for the year ended December 31, 2015) and due to fact that M/T Stenaweco Energy was operational throughout the year ended December 31, 2016, and resulted in an increase in bareboat charter hire expenses of $0.2 million (as opposed to operating for approximately eleven months for the year ended December 31, 2015).
2015 vs. 2014
During the year ended December 31, 2015, bareboat charter hire expenses increased by $5.3 million, or 100%, compared to year ended December 31, 2014. This increase was due to fact that M/T Stenaweco Energy and M/T Stenaweco Evolution were sold and bareboat chartered-in in January 2015 and March 2015 respectively.
3.
Vessel operating expenses
2016 vs. 2015
During the year ended December 31, 2016, vessel operating expenses increased by $5.1 million, or 107%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2015. This increase was due to fact that M/T Eco Revolution started operating from January 21, 2016 and resulted in an increase in operating expenses of $1.9 million, M/T Stenaweco Excellence started operating on May 20, 2016 and resulted in an increase in operating expenses of $1.4 million, M/T Nord Valiant started operating on August 10, 2016 and resulted in an increase in operating expenses of $0.9 million, M/T Eco Fleet started operating on July 15, 2015 and resulted in an increase in operating expenses of $0.7 million (as opposed to operating for approximately five months for the year ended December 31, 2015) and M/T Stenaweco Evolution was operational for all of 2016, and resulted in an increase in operating expenses of $0.3 million (as opposed to operating for approximately nine months for the year ended December 31, 2015). These increases were offset by a $0.1 million decrease in operating expenses of M/T Stenaweco Energy in the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to the year ended December 31, 2015.

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2015 vs. 2014
During 2015, vessel operating expenses increased by $3.6 million, or 319%, compared to 2014 due to the fact that M/T Stenaweco Evolution started operating on March 31, 2015 that resulted in an increase in operating expenses of $1.6 million, M/T Eco Fleet started operating on July 15, 2015 that resulted in an increase in operating expenses of $1.0 million and M/T Stenaweco Energy operated for the full year, resulting in an increase in operating expenses of $1.0 million (as opposed to 2014 when the M/T Stenaweco Energy operated for approximately half the year).
4.
Vessel depreciation
2016 vs. 2015
During the year ended December 31, 2016, vessel depreciation increased by $2.8 million, or 419%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2015 due to the changes in our fleet that resulted in calendar (ownership) days increasing from 810 in 2015 to 1,812 in 2016.
2015 vs. 2014
During 2015, vessel depreciation decreased by $0.1 million, or 12%, compared to 2014. This decrease was due to a $0.7 million decrease in the depreciation expense for M/T Stenaweco Energy due to the fact that we owned the vessel for one month in 2015, as opposed to approximately half the year in 2014. This decrease was offset by an increase of $0.6 million in depreciation expense for M/T Eco Fleet that started operating on July 15, 2015.
5.
Management fees—related parties
2016 vs. 2015
During the year ended December 31, 2016, management fees to related parties increased by $0.2 million, or 13%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2015. This increase was due to the fact that M/T Eco Revolution started operating from January 21, 2016 that resulted in an increase in management fees of $0.3 million, M/T Eco Fleet started operating on July 15, 2015 that resulted in an increase in management fees of $0.2 million (as opposed to operating for approximately five months for the year ended December 31, 2015), M/T Stenaweco Excellence started operating from May 20, 2016 and that resulted in an increase in management fees of $0.2 million, M/T Nord Valiant started operating from August 10, 2016 that resulted in an increase in management fees of $0.1 million and M/T Stenaweco Evolution was operational throughout the year ended December 31, 2016, that resulted in an increase in management fees of $0.1 million (as opposed to operating for approximately nine months for the year ended December 31, 2015). These increases were offset by a $0.7 million decrease in overhead management fees relating mainly to a non-recurring performance incentive fee to Central Mare in the year ended December 31, 2015 absent in the year ended December 31, 2016.
2015 vs. 2014
During 2015, management fees to related parties increased by $0.9 million, or 131%, compared to 2014. This increase was due to the fact M/T Stenaweco Evolution started operating on March 31, 2015 that resulted in an increase in management fees of $0.2 million, M/T Eco Fleet started operating on July 15, 2015 that resulted in an increase in management fees of $0.2 million and M/T Stenaweco Energy operated for the full year, as opposed to approximately half the year in 2014, resulting in an increase in management fees of $0.1 million. Furthermore, the performance incentive bonus to CSM increased by $0.2 million, management fees relating to reporting and accounting increased by $0.1 million and amortization of the shares awarded to CSM under our 2015 Stock Incentive Plan amounted to $0.1 million.

57




6.
Other operating income
During the year ended December 31, 2016 we wrote-off $3.1 million of accrued liabilities relating to old charter parties of sold vessels, mainly relating to $2.0 million of unearned revenue and $1.1 million of related brokerage commissions, as the time frame for our counterparties to claim these amounts has been time barred.
During 2015 we wrote-off $0.7 million of accounts receivable that we estimated were not collectable relating to vessels sold in 2008. This expense was offset by a non-recurring gain of $0.3 million resulting from the write-off of a provisional operating expense we formed in 2010 to cover potential claims relating to a vessel sold in 2009 that as of December 31, 2015 was no longer required, as the time frame for our counterparty to claim these operating expenses had expired. The remaining difference of $0.1 million mainly related to write-offs of voyage expenses of sold vessels.
7.
General and administrative expenses
2016 vs. 2015
During the year ended December 31, 2016, our general and administrative expenses decreased by $0.1 million, or 2.6%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly due to decreases of $0.1 million in legal and consulting fees, $0.1 million in audit fees and $0.1 in other general and administrative expenses, with an offsetting increase of $0.2 million in stock-based compensation expense.
2015 vs. 2014
During 2015, our general and administrative expenses increased by $0.6 million, or 28%, compared to 2014. This increase is mainly attributed to an increase of $0.7 million in manager and employee related expenses and an increase of $0.1 million in legal and consulting fees and expenses. These increases were offset by a decrease in other general and administrative expenses by $0.2 million.

8.
Impairment of vessels
On January 29, 2015, in connection with the sale and leaseback of M/T Stenaweco Energy, we wrote down the vessel to its fair value, resulting in an impairment charge of $3.1 million (please see "Item 18. Financial Statements—Note 5—Vessels."). We incurred no impairment charges in the year ended December 31, 2016.
9.
Interest and Finance Costs
2016 vs. 2015
During the year ended December 31, 2016, interest and finance costs increased by $2.4 million, or 330%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2015. This increase is mainly attributed to an increase of $2.6 million in loan interest expense, since in the year ended December 31, 2016 we had senior loan facilities with ABN Amro Bank and NORD/LB Bank for the financing of the vessels M/T Eco Revolution, M/T Eco Fleet, M/T Nord Valiant and M/T Stenaweco Excellence as well as the Family Trading Facility, while in the same period of 2015 we only incurred interest expense for M/T Stenaweco Energy (Alpha Bank Facility) for approximately one month. Furthermore in the year ended December 31, 2016 we had an increase of $0.2 million in other financial costs that related to commitment fees of the Family Trading Facility that were absent in the year ended December 31, 2015. These increases were offset by a $0.4 million decrease in amortization of finance fees (deferred charges) mainly due to the fact that in the year ended December 31, 2015, there was an accelerated amortization of arrangement fees of the Alpha Bank Facility that we prepaid in January 2015 and of the Atlantis Ventures facility that we paid in January 2015, both absent in the year ended December 31, 2016.

58




2015 vs. 2014
During 2015, interest and finance costs increased by $0.3 million, or 60%, compared to 2014. This increase is mainly attributed to the increase of $0.5 million in amortization of finance fees (deferred charges) caused by the accelerated amortization of the arrangement fees of the Alpha Bank Facility that we prepaid in January 2015 and the arrangement fees of the Atlantis Ventures facility that we paid in January 2015. This was offset by a $0.2 million decrease in loan interest expense, since in 2015 we capitalized the majority of our loan interest expense and allocated it to our vessels under construction.
10.
Gain/(loss) on derivative financial instruments
2016 vs. 2015
During the year ended December 31, 2016, loss on derivative financial instruments increased by $0.3 million, or 78%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly due to a $0.2 million reversal of a realized loss on swaps payable we wrote-off in the year ended December 31, 2015 and a loss of $0.1 million from the valuation of our ABN interest rate swaps we incurred in the year ended December 31, 2016 (please see "Item 18. Financial Statements—Note 18 - Financial Instruments").
2015 vs. 2014
During 2015, fair value gain on derivative financial instruments decreased by $4.3 million, or 110%, mainly, compared to 2014 due to the loss of $4.5 million we recognized from the year end valuation of our outstanding warrants issued in connection with our follow-on offering that closed on June 11, 2014. This was offset by a $0.2 million reversal of a realized loss on swaps we incurred in 2013.

Our Fleet—Illustrative Comparison of Possible Excess of Carrying Value Over Estimated Charter-Free Market Value of Certain Vessels
In "—Critical Accounting Policies—Impairment of Vessels," we discuss our policy for impairing the carrying values of our vessels. During the past few years, the market values of vessels have experienced particular volatility, with substantial declines in many vessel classes. As a result, the charter-free market value, or basic market value, of certain of our vessels may have declined below those vessels' carrying value, even though we would not impair those vessels' carrying value under our accounting impairment policy due to our belief that future undiscounted cash flows expected to be earned by such vessels over their operating lives would exceed such vessels' carrying amounts.
The table set forth below indicates (i) the carrying value of each of our vessels as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, (ii) which of our vessels we believe has a basic charter-free market value below its carrying value, and (iii) the aggregate difference between carrying value and basic charter-free market value represented by such vessels.  This aggregate difference represents the approximate amount by which we believe we would have to reduce our net income if we sold all of such vessels in the current environment, on industry standard terms, in cash transactions, and to a willing buyer where we are not under any compulsion to sell, and where the buyer is not under any compulsion to buy.  For purposes of this calculation, we have assumed that the vessels would be sold at a price that reflects our estimate of their current basic charter-free market values. However, we are not holding our vessels for sale.
Our estimates of basic charter-free market value assume that our vessels are all in good and seaworthy condition without need for repair and if inspected would be certified in class without notations of any kind. Our estimates are based on information available from various industry sources, including:
·
reports by industry analysts and data providers that focus on our industry and related dynamics affecting vessel values;
59



·
news and industry reports of similar vessel sales;
·
news and industry reports of sales of vessels that are not similar to our vessels where we have made certain adjustments in an attempt to derive information that can be used as part of our estimates;
·
approximate market values for our vessels or similar vessels that we have received from shipbrokers, whether solicited or unsolicited, or that shipbrokers have generally disseminated;
·
offers that we may have received from potential purchasers of our vessels; and
·
vessel sale prices and values of which we are aware through both formal and informal communications with shipowners, shipbrokers, industry analysts and various other shipping industry participants and observers.
As we obtain information from various industry and other sources, our estimates of basic charter-free market values are inherently uncertain. In addition, vessel values are highly volatile; as such, actual results could differ from those estimates.
 
             
Carrying Values, December 31,
   
Dwt
   
Year Built
   
2015
 
2016
Vessels
                      
Eco Fleet*
   
39,208
     
2015
   
$32.0 million
 
$30.9 million
Eco Revolution
   
39,208
     
2016
     
-
 
$31.7 million
Stenaweco Excellence
   
49,737
     
2016
     
-
 
$31.5 million
Nord Valiant
   
49,737
     
2016
     
-
 
$32.1 million
Total
   
177,890
           
$32.0 million
 
$126.2 million
 
 *
Indicates a vessel, for which we believe, as of December 31, 2016, the basic charter-free market value is lower than the vessel's carrying value.  We believe that the aggregate carrying value of this vessel exceeds its aggregate basic charter-free market value by approximately $0.7 million as of December 31, 2016. We believe that the undiscounted projected net operating cash flows over the estimated remaining useful life for this vessel exceeds its carrying value as of December 31, 2016. As of December 31, 2015 the vessel's carrying value exceeded its basic charter-free market value.
All of our vessels are currently employed under long-term, above-market time charters. For more information, see "Business Overview—Our Fleet."  We believe that in a sale of these vessels with their charters attached, we would receive a premium over the vessels' charter-free market value.
We refer you to the risk factor entitled "The international oil tanker industry has experienced volatile charter rates and vessel values and there can be no assurance that these charter rates and vessel values will not decrease in the near future" and the discussion herein under the heading "Risks Related to Our Industry."
60



Critical Accounting Policies:
The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of those financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our financial statements. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
Critical accounting policies are those that reflect significant judgments or uncertainties, and potentially result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions. We have described below what we believe are our most critical accounting policies that involve a higher degree of judgment and the methods of their application. For a description of all of our significant accounting policies, see Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included herein.
Vessel depreciation. We record the value of our vessels at their cost (which includes the contract price, pre-delivery costs incurred during the construction of newbuildings, capitalized interest and any material expenses incurred upon acquisition such as initial repairs, improvements and delivery expenses to prepare the vessel for its initial voyage) less accumulated depreciation. We depreciate our vessels on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, estimated to be 25 years from the date of initial delivery from the shipyard. Depreciation is based on cost of the vessel less its residual value which is estimated to be $300 per light-weight ton. A decrease in the useful life of the vessel or in the residual value would have the effect of increasing the annual depreciation charge.
A decrease in the useful life of the vessel may occur as a result of poor vessel maintenance performed, harsh ocean-going and weather conditions that the vessel is subject to, or poor quality of the shipbuilding yard. When regulations place limitations over the ability of a vessel to trade on a worldwide basis, the vessel's useful life is adjusted at the date such regulations become effective. Weak freight markets may result in owners scrapping more vessels and scrapping them earlier due to unattractive returns. An increase in the useful life of the vessel may result from superior vessel maintenance performed, favorable ocean-going and weather conditions the vessel is subjected to, superior quality of the shipbuilding yard, or high freight rates which result in owners scrapping the vessels later due to attractive cash flows.
Impairment of vessels: We evaluate the existence of impairment indicators whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying values of our long-lived assets are not recoverable. Such indicators of potential impairment include, vessel sales and purchases, business plans and overall market conditions. If there are indications for impairment present, we determine undiscounted projected net operating cash flows for each vessel and compare it to the vessel's carrying value. If the carrying value of the related vessel exceeds its undiscounted future net cash flows, the carrying value is reduced to its fair value.
The carrying values of our vessels may not represent their fair market value at any point in time since the market prices of second-hand vessels tend to fluctuate with changes in charter rates and the cost of newbuildings. During the past years, the market values of vessels have experienced particular volatility, with substantial declines in many vessel classes. As a result, the charter-free market value, or basic market value, of certain of our vessels may have declined below those vessels' carrying value, even though we would not impair those vessels' carrying value under our accounting impairment policy, due to our belief that future undiscounted cash flows expected to be earned by such vessels over their operating lives would exceed such vessels' carrying amounts.
Although we believe that the assumptions used to evaluate potential impairment are reasonable and appropriate, such assumptions are highly subjective. There can be no assurance as to how long charter rates and vessel values will remain at their current levels or whether they will improve or decrease by any significant degree. Charter rates may be at depressed levels for some time, which could adversely affect our revenue and profitability, and future assessments of vessel impairment.
61



In order to perform the undiscounted cash flow test, we make assumptions about future charter rates, commissions, vessel operating expenses, dry-dock costs, fleet utilization, scrap rates used to calculate estimated proceeds at the end of vessels' useful lives and the estimated remaining useful lives of the vessels. These assumptions are based on historical trends as well as future expectations. The projected net operating cash flows are determined by considering the charter revenues from existing time charters for the fixed fleet days and an estimated daily time charter equivalent for the unfixed days (based on the ten year historical averages of the one-year, three-year and five-year time charter rates) over the remaining useful life of each vessel, which we estimate to be 25 years from the date of initial delivery from the shipyard. Expected outflows for scheduled vessels' maintenance and vessel operating expenses are based on historical data, and adjusted annually assuming an average annual inflation derived from the most recent twenty-year average consumer price index. Effective fleet utilization, average commissions, dry-dock costs and scrap values are also based on historical data.
Due to the fact that in 2015 tanker values were increasing, we had no indicators of potential impairment and did not perform the undiscounted cash flow test. However, on January 29, 2015, in connection with and the sale and lease-back of M/T Stenaweco Energy and as per related U.S. GAAP sale and leaseback accounting guidance, prior to the sale, we wrote down the vessel to its fair value, resulting in an impairment charge of $3.1 million (please see "Item 18. Financial Statements—Note 5—Vessels.").
During 2016, due to the fact that the charter-free market value of M/T Eco Fleet was $0.7 million lower than its carrying amount, we considered that to be an indicator of potential impairment. We performed the undiscounted cash flow test for M/T Eco Fleet as of December 31, 2016 and determined that its carrying amount was recoverable.
New accounting pronouncements: See "Item 18. Financial Statements—Note 2—Significant Accounting Policies –Recent Accounting Pronouncements."
B.
Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since our formation, our principal source of funds has been equity provided by our shareholders through equity offerings, at the market sales, operating cash flow, long-term borrowing, related party short-term borrowings and sale of vessels. Our principal use of funds has been capital expenditures to establish and grow our fleet, maintain the quality of our vessels, comply with international shipping standards and environmental laws and regulations and fund working capital requirements.
Our business is capital intensive and its future success will depend on our ability to maintain a high-quality fleet through the acquisition of newer vessels and the selective sale of older vessels. Our practice has been to acquire vessels using a combination of funds received from equity investors and bank debt secured by mortgages on our vessels.  Future acquisitions are subject to management's expectation of future market conditions, our ability to acquire vessels on favorable terms and our liquidity and capital resources.
As of December 31, 2016, we had a total indebtedness of $84.5 million, which after excluding unamortized financing fees amounts to $86.1 million.
As of December 31, 2016, our cash and cash equivalent balances amounted to $5.6 million, mainly held in U.S. Dollar accounts, $5.5 million of which are classified as restricted cash.
Working Capital Requirements and Sources of Capital
As of December 31, 2016, we had a working capital deficit (current assets less current liabilities) of $15.5 million.

62




On February 14, 2017, we sold 7,500 Series C convertible preferred shares to a non-affiliated non-US. Institutional investor affiliated with the Investor for $7.5 million and on February 20, 2017 we used $6.5 million of these proceeds to purchase a 40% interest in the M/T Stenaweco Elegance, a 50,118 dwt product/chemical tanker delivered from Hyundai on February 28, 2017. See "Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—Recent Developments." The remaining balance will be available for working capital requirements.
Our operating cash flow for the year ended December 31, 2017 is expected to increase compared to the same period in 2016, as we expect to generate more revenue from employing all six of our vessels for a full financial year, as opposed to the year ended December 31, 2016, when only three vessels were employed for a full year, since M/T Eco Revolution was employed for approximately eleven months, M/T Stenaweco Excellence was employed for approximately seven months and M/T Nord Valiant was employed for approximately four months.
We expect to finance our working capital deficit through cash flows generated from operations, and drawdowns from the Amended Family Trading Credit Facility that was amended and further extended up to December 31, 2018, and currently has an undrawn balance of $14.9 million. Furthermore, we believe we may receive dividends from our 40% interest in the M/T Stenaweco Elegance, a 50,118 dwt product/chemical tanker delivered from Hyundai on February 28, 2017, source additional funds from sales of our stock under our Equity Line Offering and from other equity or debt offerings.
Cash Flow Information
Unrestricted cash and cash equivalents were $2.7 million and $0.1 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 respectively.
Net Cash from Operating Activities.
Net cash used in operating activities increased by $8.1 million, or 583%, for 2016 to $6.7 million, compared to $(1.4) million for 2015. Net cash used in operating activities increased by $1.4 million, or 50%, for 2015 to $(1.4) million, compared to $(2.8) million for 2014
In determining net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities, net loss is adjusted for the effects of certain non-cash items such as depreciation and amortization, vessel impairment charges, loss on sale of fixed assets, share based compensation and unrealized gains and losses on derivative financial instruments.
Non-cash adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2016 totaled $3.1 million. This consisted mainly of $3.6 million of depreciation expenses; $1.6 million of amortization of prepaid bareboat charter hire; $0.7 million unrealized loss from the valuation of derivative financial instruments; $0.2 million of amortization and write offs of deferred financing costs and $0.2 million relating to share-based compensation, offset by a non-cash gain of $3.2 million.  The cash inflow from operations resulted mainly from a $3.0 million increase in current liabilities, offset by a $0.5 million increase in current assets.
Non-cash adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2015 totaled $6.6 million. This consisted mainly of $3.1 million of impairment charges; $1.4 million of amortization of prepaid bareboat charter hire; $0.9 million of depreciation expenses; $0.6 million unrealized loss from the valuation of derivative financial instruments; $0.5 million of amortization and write offs of deferred financing costs; and $0.1 million relating to share-based compensation. The cash inflow from operations resulted mainly from a $0.2 million decrease in current assets and a $0.3 million increase in current liabilities.
Non-cash adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2014 totaled $(3.5) million. This consisted mainly of $0.9 million of depreciation expenses. These adjustments were partially offset by a $4.4 million gain from the valuation of derivative financial instruments. The cash outflow from operations resulted mainly from a $0.6 million increase in current assets and a $1.5 million decrease in current liabilities.

63



 
Net Cash from Investing Activities.
Net cash used in investing activities in the year ended December 31, 2016 was $77.1 million, consisting mainly of $73.4 million cash paid for vessels under construction and a $3.7 million increase in restricted cash.
Net cash used in investing activities during 2015 was $0.8 million, consisting of $53.4 million cash paid for vessel under construction and a $1.6 million increase in restricted cash. These were partially offset by $54.2 million in net proceeds from the sale of M/T Stenaweco Energy and M/T Stenaweco Evolution.
Net cash used in investing activities during 2014 was $44.4 million, consisting of $45.9 million cash paid for vessel acquisitions and $0.1 million cash paid for the acquisition of other fixed assets. These were partially offset by a $1.6 million decrease in restricted cash.
Net Cash from Financing Activities.
Net cash provided by financing activities in the year ended December 31, 2016 was $ 67.8 million, consisting of $65.4 million of proceeds from long term debt ($42.2 million from the ABN Facility and $23.2 million from the NORD/LB Facility), $5.8 million of proceeds from warrants exercised, $2.0 million of proceeds from the issuance of Series B convertible preferred stock and $0.2 million of net proceeds from related party debt (Family Trading Facility). These inflows were partially offset by $5.1 million of scheduled debt repayments, $0.4 payments of financing costs and $0.1 payments of Series B convertible preferred stock issuance costs.
Net cash provided by financing activities for 2015 was $4.9 million, consisting of $28.3 million of proceeds from debt ($22.2 million from the ABN Facility, $2.3 million from the Atlantis Facility and $3.8 million from the Family Trading Facility). These were partially offset by $21.7 million of prepayment of the Alpha Bank and Atlantis Ventures facilities, $1.0 million of payments for financing costs, $0.5 million of scheduled debt repayments and by $0.2 million of issuance costs relating to the follow-on offering we priced on June 6, 2014.
Net cash provided by financing activities for 2014 was $37.6 million, consisting of $19.5 million of net proceeds from the follow-on offering we priced on June 6, 2014 and $20.1 million of proceeds from long term debt. These were partially offset by $1.1 million we paid to terminate our interest rate swap with Alpha Bank, $0.7 million of scheduled debt repayments and by $0.2 million of payments for financing costs.
Debt Facilities
a)
Alpha Bank Facility

On June 19, 2014, our subsidiary entered into a senior secured facility with Alpha Bank A.E. of Greece for $20.1 million. The credit facility was entered into for the financing of the vessel M/T Stenaweco Energy and was repayable in 20 consecutive semi-annual installments of $0.7 million each, commencing November 28, 2014 plus a balloon installment of $6.0 million payable together with the last installment in May 2024. The facility had an interest rate of LIBOR plus a margin of 3.75%. On January 29, 2015, we repaid this facility in full with a portion of the proceeds from the sale of the M/T Stenaweco Energy.
B
 Atlantis Ventures Facility

On January 2, 2015, we entered into an unsecured credit facility with Atlantis Ventures Ltd, a related party affiliated with the family of our Chief Executive Officer, for $2.3 million that was used to pay the penultimate shipyard installment for the M/T Stenaweco Evolution. We had undertaken to repay the loan within 12 months of its receipt. The drawdown of the loan took place on January 5, 2015 and the loan was repaid on January 30, 2015. The loan had an interest rate of 8% per annum, with the first six months being interest-free (see "Item 18. Financial Statements—Note 10—Long term debt.").

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c)
ABN Facility

On July 9, 2015, we entered into the ABN Facility for up to $42.0 million to partly finance the vessels M/T Eco Fleet and M/T Eco Revolution. The facility was subsequently amended on September 28, 2015 to increase the borrowing limit to $44.4 million ($22.2 million per vessel). The ABN Facility is repayable in 12 consecutive quarterly installments of $0.5 million each and 12 consecutive quarterly installments of $0.4 million each, commencing on October 13, 2015 for the M/T Eco Fleet and on April 15, 2016 for the M/T Eco Revolution plus a balloon installment of $11.4 million payable together with the last installment in July 2021 and in January 2022, respectively, for each vessel. The facility bears interest at LIBOR plus a margin of 3.9%.
On August 1, 2016, we amended the ABN Facility to increase the borrowing limit to $64.4 million and added another $20 million tranche to the loan, "Tranche C", which is secured by vessel M/T Nord Valiant. Tranche C is repayable in 12 consecutive quarterly installments of $0.6 million each and 12 consecutive quarterly installments of $0.4 million each, commencing on November 2016, plus a balloon installment of $9.1 million payable together with the last installment in August 2022. Apart from the inclusion of M/T Nord Valiant as a collateralized vessel and the reduction of the margin to 3.75% (applicable only to Tranche C), no other material changes were made to the ABN Facility.
We drew down $21.0 million under the ABN Facility on July 13, 2015 to finance the last shipyard installment of M/T Eco Fleet and another $1.2 million on September 30, 2015. Furthermore, we drew down $22.2 million under the ABN Facility on January 15, 2016 to finance the last shipyard installment of M/T Eco Revolution. Finally, on August 5, 2016 we drew down $20.0 million under the Tranche C of the ABN facility to partly finance the last shipyard installments of M/T Nord Valiant (see "Item 18. Financial Statements—Note 10—Long term debt.").
The ABN Facility contains various covenants, including (i) an asset cover ratio of 130%, (ii) a ratio of total net debt to the aggregate market value of our fleet, current or future, of no more than 75% and (iii) minimum free liquidity of $0.75 million per collateralized vessel. Additionally, the ABN Facility contains restrictions on our and our shipowning subsidiaries ability to incur further indebtedness or guarantees. It also restricts us and our shipowning companies from paying dividends if such a payment would result in an event of default or in a breach of covenants under the loan agreement.
The ABN Facility is secured as follows:
·
First priority mortgage over M/T Eco Fleet, M/T Eco Revolution and M/T Nord Valiant;
·
Assignment of insurance and earnings of the mortgaged vessels;
·
Specific assignment of any time charters with duration of more than 12 months;
·
Corporate guarantee of TOP Ships Inc.;
·
Pledge of the shares of the shipowning subsidiaries; and
·
Pledge over the earnings account of the vessels.

The outstanding balance of the ABN Facility was $21.7 million and $59.8 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 respectively (excluding deferred finance fees). As of the date of this annual report, we are in compliance with the covenants contained in the ABN Facility.

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d)
NORD/LB Facility

On May 11, 2016, we entered into the NORD/LB Facility for $23.2 million for the financing of the vessel M/T Stenaweco Excellence. The credit facility is repayable in 28 consecutive quarterly installments of $0.5 million, commencing in August 2016, plus a balloon installment of $9.5 million payable together with the last installment in May 2023. We drew down $23.2 million under the NORD/LB Facility on May 13, 2016 to finance the last shipyard installment of the M/T Stenaweco Excellence. The NORD/LB Facility bears interest at LIBOR plus a margin of 3.43% (see "Item 18. Financial Statements—Note 10—Long term debt.").
The facility contains various covenants, including (i) an asset cover ratio of 125% for the first three years and 143% thereafter, (ii) a ratio of total net debt to the aggregate market value of our fleet, current or future, of no more than 75% and (iii) minimum free liquidity of $0.75 million per collateralized vessel and $0.5 million per bareboated chartered-in vessel. Additionally, the facility contains restrictions on our and our shipowning company incurring further indebtedness or guarantees. It also restricts us and our shipowning company from paying dividends if such a payment would result in an event of default or in a breach of covenants under the loan agreement.
The facility is secured as follows:
·
First priority mortgage over M/T Stenaweco Excellence;
·
Assignment of insurance and earnings of the mortgaged vessel;
·
Specific assignment of any time charters with duration of more than 12 months;
·
Corporate guarantee of TOP Ships Inc.;
·
Pledge of the shares of the shipowning subsidiary;
·
Pledge over the earnings account of the vessel.

The outstanding balance of the NORD/LB Facility was $22.1 million as of December 31, 2016 (excluding deferred finance fees). As of the date of this annual report, we are in compliance with the covenants contained in the NORD/LB Facility.
e)
Family Trading Facility

On December 23, 2015, we entered into the Family Trading Facility with Family Trading, a related party affiliated with the family of our Chief Executive Officer, for up to $15 million to be used to fund our newbuilding program and working capital relating to our operating vessels (see "Item 18. Financial Statements—Note 10—Long term debt."). This facility had a fixed interest rate of 9%. The balance of the Family Trading Facility was $3.9 million and $4.1 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 respectively (see "Item 18. Financial Statements—Note 10—Long term debt.").
On February 21, 2017, we amended the Family Trading Facility and entered into the Amended Family Trading Credit Facility. For more information, please see "Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—Recent Developments."
f)
The Note

On February 6, 2017, we issued the Note to the Investor at a nominal amount of $3.5 million for consideration of $3.3 million. The Note has a mandatory redemption 100 days from issuance and the Note bears interest at 6.0% per annum, subject to adjustment from time to time.

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Operating Leases
M/T's Stenaweco Energy and Stenaweco Evolution
On January 29, 2015 and March 31, 2015, we sold and leased back M/T Stenaweco Energy and M/T Stenaweco Evolution, respectively. The sale and leaseback agreements were entered into with a non-related party and generated gross proceeds of $57 million. The vessels have been chartered back on a bareboat basis for seven years at a rate of $8,586 per day and $8,625 per day, respectively. In addition, we have the option to buy back each vessel from the end of year three up to the end of year seven at a purchase prices stipulated in the bareboat agreement depending on when each option is exercised.
The abovementioned sale and leaseback transactions contain customary covenants and event of default clauses, including cross-default provisions and restrictive covenants and performance requirements. Finally, as a consequence of the sale and leaseback agreements, we must maintain a consolidated leverage ratio of not more than 75% and maintain minimum free liquidity of $0.75 million per owned vessel and $0.5 million per bareboated chartered-in vessel. As of December 31, 2016, we are in compliance with the consolidated leverage ratio and the minimum free liquidity covenants.
We have treated each sale and leaseback of the abovementioned vessels as an operating lease (please see "Item 18. Financial Statements—Note 7—Leases.").
Future minimum lease payments:
Our future minimum lease payments required to be made, relating to the bareboat chartered-in vessels at December 31, 2016, are as follows:
Year ending December 31,
 
Bareboat Charter Lease Payments ($ millions)
 
2017
   
6.3
 
2018
   
6.3
 
2019
   
6.3
 
2020
   
6.3
 
2021
   
6.3
 
2022
   
1.0
 
  Total
   
32.5
 

C.
Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, Etc.

Not applicable.
D.
Trend Information

For industry trends, refer to industry disclosure under "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview."
E.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

None.

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F.
Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations

The following table sets forth our contractual obligations and their maturity dates as of December 31, 2016 in millions of U.S. dollars:
         
Payments due by period
 
Contractual Obligations:
 
Total
   
Less than 1 year
   
1-3 years
   
3-5 years
   
More than 5 years
 
(1) (i) Long term debt A
 
$
82.0
   
$
8.3
   
$
15.5
   
$
23.9
   
$
34.3
 
     (ii) Interest B
 
$
16.4
   
$
4.0
   
$
6.8
   
$
4.9
   
$
0.7
 
(2) (i) Short term debt C
 
$
4.1
   
$
4.1
     
-
     
-
     
-
 
     (ii) Interest D
 
$
-
   
$
-
     
-
     
-
     
-
 
(3) Operating leases E
 
$
32.5
   
$
6.3
   
$
12.6
   
$
12.6
   
$
1.0
 
(4) Vessel Management Fees to CSM F
 
$
4.8
   
$
2.1
   
$
2.7
     
-
     
-
 
Total
 
$
139.8
   
$
24.8
   
$
37.6
   
$
41.4
   
$
36.0
 

A.
Relates to the principal repayments of $22.2 million under our NORD/LB Facility and $59.8 million under our ABN Facility (see "Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Debt Facilities").
B.
Relates to estimated interest payments on our ABN Facility and NORD/LB Facility, based on our average outstanding debt. In the case where the LIBOR rate is not hedged via our Interest Rate Swap agreements, we have assumed a LIBOR of 1% going forward (see "Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Debt Facilities" and "Item 11. Quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk—Interest Rate Risk").
C.
Relates to the principal repayments under the Family Trading Facility, assuming no further drawdowns.  (see "Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Debt Facilities").
D.
Relates to estimated interest payments under the Family Trading Facility, assuming no further drawdowns. (see "Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Debt Facilities").
E.
Relates to the bareboat hire payable for M/T Stenaweco Energy and M/T Stenaweco Evolution.
F.
Relates to our obligation for monthly management fees under our new letter agreement with CSM for all the vessels in our fleet. These fees also cover the provision of services rendered in relation to the maintenance of proper books and records, services in relation to financial reporting requirements under SEC and NASDAQ rules as well as newbuilding supervision services. Please see "Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions—Central Shipping Monaco Letter Agreement, Management Agreements, and Other Agreements."
Other Contractual Obligations:
We have entered into separate agreements with Central Mare, a related party affiliated with the family of our President, Chief Executive Officer and Director, Evangelos J. Pistiolis, pursuant to which Central Mare furnishes our four executive officers. These agreements were entered into in exchange for terminating prior employment agreements. Please see "Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions—Central Mare Letter Agreement, Management Agreements, and Other Agreements."
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Other major capital expenditures will include funding the maintenance program of regularly scheduled intermediate survey or special survey dry-docking necessary to preserve the quality of our vessels and chartered in vessels, as well as to comply with international shipping standards and environmental laws and regulations. Although we have some flexibility regarding the timing of this maintenance, the costs are relatively predictable. Management anticipates that vessels that are younger than 15 years are required to undergo in-water intermediate surveys 2.5 years after a special survey dry-docking and that such vessels are to be dry-docked every five years. Vessels 15 years or older are required to undergo drydock intermediate survey every 2.5 years and not use in-water surveys for this purpose.
G.
Safe Harbor

Forward-looking information discussed in Item 5 includes assumptions, expectations, projections, intentions and beliefs about future events. These statements are intended as "forward-looking statements." We caution that assumptions, expectations, projections, intentions and beliefs about future events may and often do vary from actual results and the differences can be material. Please see "Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" in this annual report.
ITEM 6.
DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES
A.
Directors and Senior Management

Set forth below are the names, ages and positions of our directors, executive officers and key employees. Members of our Board of Directors are elected annually on a staggered basis and each director elected holds office for a three-year term.
Officers are elected from time to time by vote of our Board of Directors and hold office until a successor is elected.
Name
Age
Position
Evangelos J. Pistiolis
44
Director, President, Chief Executive Officer
Vangelis G. Ikonomou
52
Director, Executive Vice President and Chairman of the Board
Alexandros Tsirikos
43
Director, Chief Financial Officer
Demetris P. Souroullas
54
Chief Technical Officer
Konstantinos Karelas
44
Independent Non-Executive Director
Alexandros G. Economou
43
Independent Non-Executive Director
Per Christian Haukenes
40
Non-Independent Non-Executive Director
Paolo Javarone
43
Independent Non-Executive Director

Biographical information with respect to each of our directors and executives is set forth below.
Evangelos J. Pistiolis founded our Company in 2000, is our President and Chief Executive Officer, and has served on our Board of Directors since July 2004. Mr. Pistiolis graduated from Southampton Institute of Higher Education in 1999, where he studied shipping operations and from Technical University of Munich in 1994 with a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering. His career in shipping started in 1992 when he was involved with the day-to-day operations of a small fleet of drybulk vessels. From 1994 through 1995, he worked at Howe Robinson & Co. Ltd., a London shipbroker specializing in container vessels. While studying at the Southampton Institute of Higher Education, Mr. Pistiolis oversaw the daily operations of Compass United Maritime Container Vessels, a ship management company located in Greece.
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Vangelis G. Ikonomou is our Executive Vice President and Chairman and has served on our Board of Directors since July 2004. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Ikonomou was the Commercial Director of Primal Tankers Inc. From 2000 to 2002, Mr. Ikonomou worked with George Moundreas & Company S.A. where he was responsible for the purchase and sale of second-hand vessels and initiated and developed a shipping industry research department. Mr. Ikonomou worked, from 1993 to 2000, for Eastern Mediterranean Maritime Ltd., a ship management company in Greece, in the commercial as well as the safety and quality departments. Mr. Ikonomou holds a Master's degree in Shipping Trade and Finance from the City University Business School in London, a bachelor's degree in Business Administration from the University of Athens in Greece and a Navigation Officer Degree from the Higher State Merchant Marine Academy in Greece.
Alexandros Tsirikos has served as our Chief Financial Officer since April 1, 2009. Mr. Tsirikos is a U.K. qualified Chartered Accountant (ACA) and has been employed with TOP Ships Inc. since July 2007 as our Corporate Development Officer. Prior to joining TOP Ships Inc., Mr. Tsirikos was a manager with PricewaterhouseCoopers, or PwC, where he worked as a member of the PwC Advisory team and the PwC Assurance team, thereby drawing experience both from consulting as well as auditing. As a member of PwC's Advisory team, he led and participated in numerous projects in the public and the private sectors, including strategic planning and business modeling, investment analysis and appraisal, feasibility studies, costing and project management. As a member of the PwC's Assurance team, Mr. Tsirikos was part of the International Financial Reporting Standards, or IFRS, technical team of PwC Greece and lead numerous IFRS conversion projects for listed companies. He holds a Master's of Science in Shipping Trade and Finance from City University of London and a bachelor's degree with honors in Business Administration from Boston University in the United States. He speaks English, French and Greek.
Demetris P. Souroullas is our Chief Technical Officer and has been with the Company since 2007. Prior to joining the Company, from 2001 until 2007 Mr. Souroullas was the Chief Executive Officer of the fleet of Admibros Shipmanagement Co. Ltd and the Technical and General Manager of LMZ Transoil Shipmanagement S.A. Mr. Souroullas also previously worked with the Cyprus Bureau of Shipping where he started in 1988 as a Surveyor and left in 2001 as the Head of Classification. Mr. Souroullas holds a Master's degree in Naval Architecture from the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, and a bachelor's degree in Maritime Technology from the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology.
Konstantinos Karelas has served on our Board of Directors and has been member of the Audit Committee since April 2014. Since 2008, Mr. Karelas has served as the President and CEO of Europe Cold Storages SA, one of the leading companies in the field of refrigeration logistics.
Alexandros G. Economou has served on our Board of Directors and has been member of the Audit Committee since April 2014. Mr. Economou is a member of the Cyprus Bar Association and the New York Bar. He holds an honors LLB degree from the University of Sheffield, an MA degree in Politics and Contemporary History from the London Guildhall University and an LL.M. degree in International Legal Studies from New York University School of Law. Mr. Economou is presently a partner in Chrysses Demetriades & Co. LLC, one of the leading law firms in Cyprus. He has also worked as a visiting attorney with Norton Rose in Brussels and London.
Per Christian Haukenes has served on our Board of Directors since September 1, 2014. From 2013 until he left in January 2016, Mr. Haukenes was one of the founding partners of Navis Finance AS, a corporate advisory firm in Norway. Prior to that, Mr. Haukenes was the Head of Shipping and Rig Corporate Department of Platou Markets ASA. From 2005 to 2009, Mr. Haukenes worked for Pareto Securities AS, where he originated a new division to provide ship owners with full range of corporate services. Prior to joining Pareto, Mr. Haukenes worked for Fearnleys and Imarex ASA in Norway and Adcore Management Consulting in San Francisco, California. Currently Mr. Haukenes is heading Bravo Capital, an investment and consulting boutique based in Norway. Mr. Haukenes holds a Master's degree in Business and Administration from Norway (Sivilokonom) and a bachelor's degree in Finance from University of San Francisco.
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Paolo Javarone has served on our Board of Directors since September 1, 2014. Mr. Javarone is a member of the Italian Shipbrokers Association. From 2000, Mr. Javarone has been working for Sernavimar S.R.L., one of the most reputable shipbroking houses in Italy, which cooperates with many of the oil major companies and trading associations of the industry. From 1994 to 2000, Mr. Javarone worked for Genoa Sea Brokers in the tanker wing of the company specializing in clean petroleum products and edible markets. Previously, Mr. Javarone worked for S.a.n.a. Eur, a company based in Rome Italy, where he was tasked with supplying energy and offshore supply. Before S.a.n.a., Mr. Javarone worked for Sidermar di Navigazione S.P.A. in the dry cargo field. Mr. Javarone holds a Shipbroker degree from National Agents Association Shipbroking School in Italy and a degree in Shipping Economics and Law from Nautical Maritime School in Italy.
B.
Compensation

During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016, we paid to the members of our senior management and to our director's aggregate compensation of $1.8 million. We do not have a retirement plan for our officers or directors.
On September 1, 2010, we entered into separate agreements with Central Mare, pursuant to which Central Mare furnishes our four executive officers as described below.
Under the terms of the agreement for the provision of our Chief Executive Officer, we are obligated to pay annual base salary and a minimum cash bonus. The initial term of the agreement expired on August 31, 2014 and is automatically extended for successive one-year terms unless Central Mare or we provide notice of non-renewal at least sixty days prior to the expiration of the then applicable term.
If our Chief Executive Officer's employment is terminated without cause, he is entitled to certain personal and household security costs. If he is removed from our Board of Directors or not re-elected, then his employment terminates automatically without prejudice to Central Mare's rights to pursue damages for such termination. In the event of a change of control, the Chief Executive Officer is entitled to receive a cash payment of five million Euros. The agreement also contains death and disability provisions. In addition, the Chief Executive Officer is subject to non-competition and non-solicitation undertakings.
Under the terms of the agreement for the provision of our Executive Vice President and Chairman, we are obligated to pay annual base salary and additional incentive compensation as determined by our Board of Directors. The initial term of the agreement expired on August 31, 2011 and is automatically extended for successive one-year terms unless Central Mare or we provide notice of non-renewal at least sixty days prior to the expiration of the then applicable term.
If our Executive Vice President and Chairman is removed from our Board of Directors or not re-elected, then his employment terminates automatically without prejudice to Central Mare's rights to pursue damages for such termination. In the event of a change of control, he is entitled to receive a cash payment of three years' annual base salary. The agreement also contains death and disability provisions. In addition, our Executive Vice President and Chairman is subject to non-competition and non-solicitation undertakings.
Under the terms of the agreement for the provision of our Chief Financial Officer, we are obligated to pay annual base salary. The initial term of the agreement expired on August 31, 2012, and is automatically extended for successive one-year terms unless Central Mare or we provide notice of non-renewal at least sixty days prior to the expiration of the then applicable term.
If our Chief Financial Officer is removed from our Board of Directors or not re-elected, then his employment terminates automatically without prejudice to Central Mare's rights to pursue damages for such termination. In the event of a change of control, our Chief Financial Officer is entitled to receive a cash payment equal to three years' annual base salary and 785 of our common shares. The agreement also contains death and disability provisions. In addition, our Chief Financial Officer is subject to non-competition and non-solicitation undertakings.

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Under the terms of our agreement for the provision of our Chief Technical Officer, we are obligated to pay annual base salary. The initial term of the agreement expired on August 31, 2011, however the agreement is being automatically extended for successive one-year terms unless Central Mare or we provide notice of non-renewal at least sixty days prior to the expiration of the then applicable term. In the event of a change of control, the Chief Technical Officer is entitled to receive a cash payment equal to three years' annual base salary. In addition, our Chief Technical Officer is subject to non-competition and non-solicitation undertakings.
Equity Incentive Plan
On April 15, 2015, our Board of Directors adopted the 2015 Stock Incentive Plan, or the 2015 Plan, under which our directors, officers, key employees as well as consultants and service providers may be granted non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, dividend equivalents, unrestricted stock and other-equity based-related awards. A total of 190,000 common shares were reserved for issuance under the 2015 Plan, which is administered by the Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors.
On April 15, 2015, we granted 183,000 restricted shares to Central Mare under the 2015 Plan. The shares will vest equally over a period of eight years from the date of grant. The fair value of each share on the grant date was $10.90.
On June 30, 2015, 22,875 shares of the 2015 Plan vested. The fair value of each share on the vesting date was $10.30.
On June 30, 2016, 22,875 shares of the 2015 Plan vested. The fair value of each share on the vesting date was $1.69.
C.
Board Practices

Our Board of Directors is divided into three classes. Members of our Board of Directors are elected annually on a staggered basis, and each director elected holds office for a three-year term. We currently have three executive directors, three independent non-executive directors and one non- independent non-executive director. The term of our Class I directors, Konstantinos Karelas, Per Christian Haukenes and Evangelos J. Pistiolis expire at the annual general meeting of shareholders in 2017. The term of our Class II directors, Paolo Javarone and Alexandros Economou, expire at the annual general meeting of shareholders in 2018. The term of our Class III directors, Alexandros Tsirikos and Vangelis G. Ikonomou, expire at the annual general meeting of shareholders in 2019.
Committees of our Board of Directors
We currently have an audit committee composed of three independent members, which are responsible for reviewing our accounting controls and recommending to our Board of Directors, the engagement of our outside auditors. Konstantinos Karelas, Alexandros Economou (Chairman) and Paolo Javarone, whose biographical details are included in Item 6 of this Annual Report, are the members of the audit committee, and our Board of Directors has determined that they are independent under the Nasdaq corporate governance rules.
Our compensation committee and nominating and governance committees are currently composed of the following three members: Konstantinos Karelas, Alexandros Economou and Paolo Javarone. The compensation committee carries out our Board of Directors' responsibilities relating to compensation of our executive and non-executive officers and provides such other guidance with respect to compensation matters as the committee deems appropriate. The nominating and governance committee assists our Board of Directors in: (i) identifying, evaluating and making recommendations to our Board of Directors concerning individuals for selections as director nominees for the next annual meeting of stockholders or to otherwise fill vacancies on our Board of Directors; (ii) developing and recommending to our Board of Directors a set of corporate governance guidelines and principles applicable to the Company; and (iii) reviewing the overall corporate governance of the Company and recommending improvements to our Board of Directors from time to time.

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As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from certain Nasdaq requirements that are applicable to U.S. domestic companies. For a listing and further discussion of how our corporate governance practices differ from those required of U.S. companies listed on Nasdaq, please see Item 16G of this Annual Report.
D.
Employees

We have only one direct employee while our four executive officers and a number of administrative employees are furnished to us pursuant to agreements with Central Mare, as described above. Our Fleet Manager ensures that all seamen have the qualifications and licenses required to comply with international regulations and shipping conventions, and that our vessels employ experienced and competent personnel. As of December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016, we employed 23, 68 and 131 sea going employees, indirectly through our sub-managers.
E.
Share Ownership

The common shares beneficially owned by our directors and senior managers and/or companies affiliated with these individuals are disclosed in "Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions."
ITEM 7.
MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
A.
Major Shareholders

The following table sets forth the beneficial ownership of our common shares, as of March 10, 2017, held by: (i) each person or entity that we know beneficially owns 5% or more of our common stock and (ii) all our executive officers, directors and key employees as a group. Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the SEC's rules. In computing percentage ownership of each person, common shares subject to options held by that person that are currently exercisable or convertible, or exercisable or convertible within 60 days are deemed to be beneficially owned by that person. These shares, however, are not deemed outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person. All of the shareholders, including the shareholders listed in this table, are entitled to one vote for each share of common stock held. The following information gives effect to a one-for-ten reverse stock split of our common shares effected on February 22, 2016.

Name and Address of Beneficial Owner
 
Number of Shares Owned
   
Percent of Class
 
Lax Trust (1)
   
6,297,700
     
54.2
%
Other Executive Officers and Directors as a group(2)
     1,451      
*
_________
*
Individually own less than one percent.
 (1)
The above information is derived, in part, from the Schedule 13D/A filed with the SEC on March 1, 2017 as updated for subsequent corporate events. The Lax Trust is an irrevocable trust established for the benefit of certain family members of Evangelos J. Pistiolis, our President, Chief Executive Officer and Director. The business address of the Lax Trust is Level 3, 18 Stanley Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand. The above percentage ownership is based on 11,625,771 of our common shares outstanding, which is calculated by taking the sum of (i) 8,764,622 common shares outstanding, (ii) 2,812,500 common shares issuable upon the exercise of all of the 1,250,000 2014 Warrants currently beneficially owned by Race Navigation, and (iii) 48,649 common shares issuable upon the conversion of $0.05 million of outstanding debt held by Family Trading under the Amended Family Trading Credit Facility.
(2)
Does not include common shares that may be deemed to be beneficially owned by Mr. Evangelos J. Pistiolis, our President, Chief Executive Officer and Director, as described in footnote (1) above.
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As of March 10, 2017, we had 15 shareholders of record, 7 of which were located in the United States and held an aggregate of 5,504,340 shares of our common stock, representing 62.8% of our outstanding shares of common stock. However, one of the U.S. shareholders of record is Cede & Co., which held 5,493,292 shares of our common stock as of March 10, 2017. We believe that the shares held by Cede & Co. include shares of common stock beneficially owned by both holders in the United States and non-U.S. beneficial owners. We are not aware of any arrangements the operation of which may at a subsequent date result in our change of control.
B.
Related Party Transactions

Please see "Item 18. Financial Statements—Note 6—Transactions with Related Parties."
Newbuilding Acquisitions
On February 6, 2014, we entered into a memorandum of agreement with Million Hope Maritime S.A., an entity affiliated with our President, Chief Executive Officer and Director, Evangelos J. Pistiolis, to purchase the M/T Stenaweco Energy scheduled to be delivered, with a time charter attached, from Hyundai Dockyard on June 20, 2014. On April 24, 2014, we entered into Addendum No. 1 to this memorandum of agreement. The purchase price of the vessel was $38.3 million, payable as follows: $7.4 million was paid on December 16 and 19, 2013 under the previously terminated memorandum of agreement dated December 16, 2013; $3.5 million was paid on February 14, 2014 and $27.4 million was paid on delivery of the vessel on June 20, 2014.
On March 19, 2014, pursuant to four separate share purchase agreements we entered into with affiliates of our President, Chief Executive Officer and Director, Evangelos J. Pistiolis, along with unaffiliated third parties, we acquired the five vessel-owning companies which (i) were parties to the shipbuilding contracts for the M/T Stenaweco Evolution, M/T Eco Fleet, and M/T Eco Revolution and (ii) were parties to the shipbuilding contracts for the M/T Stenaweco Excellence and M/T Nord Valiant, in exchange for a total consideration of $43.3 million, paid in the form of $2.5 million in cash and 583,321 newly-issued common shares. Specifically, pursuant to the share purchase agreements, we acquired:
·
100% of the share capital of Monte Carlo 37 Shipping Company Limited and Monte Carlo One Shipping Company Limited, entities affiliated with our President, Chief Executive Officer and Director, Evangelos J. Pistiolis, which were parties to shipbuilding contracts with Hyundai Dockyard for the construction of the M/T Eco Fleet and the M/T Stenaweco Evolution, respectively, for an aggregate purchase price of $14.7 million. Monte Carlo 37 Shipping Company Limited and Monte Carlo One Shipping Company Limited were each party to a time charter agreement to commence upon the respective vessel's delivery. Concurrently, we agreed to terminate the memorandum of agreement we had previously entered into on December 5, 2013 with Monte Carlo 37 Shipping Company Limited for the M/T Eco Fleet, and to apply the full amount of the deposit paid under that memorandum of agreement, in the amount of $7.0 million, to reduce the purchase price under the share purchase agreement.
·
100% of the share capital of Monte Carlo Seven Shipping Company Limited, an entity affiliated with our President, Chief Executive Officer and Director, Evangelos J. Pistiolis, which was party to a shipbuilding contract with Hyundai Dockyard for the construction of the M/T Stenaweco Excellence, for a purchase price of $11.0 million. Monte Carlo Seven Shipping Company Limited was party to a time charter agreement to commence upon the vessel's delivery.
·
100% of the share capital of Monte Carlo LAX Shipping Company Limited, an entity affiliated with our President, Chief Executive Officer and Director, Evangelos J. Pistiolis, which was party to a shipbuilding contract with Hyundai Dockyard for the construction of the M/T Nord Valiant, for a purchase price of $10.8 million. Monte Carlo LAX Shipping Company Limited was party to a time charter agreement to commence upon the vessel's delivery.
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·
100% of the share capital of Monte Carlo 39 Shipping Company Limited, an entity affiliated with our President, Chief Executive Officer and Director, Evangelos J. Pistiolis, which was a party to a shipbuilding contract with Hyundai Dockyard for the construction of the M/T Eco Revolution for a purchase price of $6.8 million. Monte Carlo 39 Shipping Company Limited was party to a time charter agreement to commence upon the vessel's delivery.
Our President, Chief Executive Officer and Director, Evangelos J. Pistiolis owned the majority of the shares of each of the vessel-owning companies we acquired pursuant to these share purchase agreements.
On February 20, 2017, we entered into the Eco Seven Transaction. For more information, please see "Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—Recent Developments."
Central Mare Letter Agreement, Management Agreements, and Other Agreements:
On May 12, 2010, our Board of Directors agreed to outsource all of the commercial and technical management of our vessels to Central Mare. Since July 1, 2010, Central Mare performed all operational, technical and commercial functions relating to the chartering and operation of our vessels, pursuant to a letter agreement, or the Letter Agreement, between Central Mare and the Company as well as management agreements agreed to between Central Mare and our vessel-owning subsidiaries. Furthermore, the Letter Agreement provided for the provision of services in connection with compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, services rendered in relation to the maintenance of proper books and records, services in relation to financial reporting requirements under SEC and Nasdaq rules and regulations and information-system related services. This Letter Agreement had an initial term of five years after which it would continue to be in effect until terminated by either party subject to a twelve-month advance notice of termination.
On September 1, 2010, we entered into separate agreements with Central Mare pursuant to which Central Mare furnishes our executive officers to us.
On October 16, 2013, following the sale of the shipowning subsidiaries which owned the six vessels of our fleet, the Letter Agreement was amended so that for the period when we did not have any ships, Central Mare was entitled to a monthly retainer of $15,000 in relation to compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 services rendered in relation to the maintenance of proper books and records, services in relation to financial reporting requirements under SEC and Nasdaq rules and regulations and information-system related services.
On March 7, 2014, we terminated the Letter Agreement with Central Mare. No penalty was paid in connection with this termination.
Central Shipping Monaco Letter Agreement, Management Agreements, and Other Agreements
On March 10, 2014, we entered into (i) a new letter agreement, or the New Letter Agreement, with CSM, a related party affiliated with the family of our President, Chief Executive Officer and Director, Evangelos J. Pistiolis and (ii) management agreements between CSM and our vessel-owning subsidiaries.
The New Letter Agreement can only be terminated on eighteen months' notice, subject to a termination fee equal to twelve months of fees payable under the New Letter Agreement. Pursuant to the New Letter Agreement, as well as management agreements between CSM and our vessel-owning subsidiaries, we pay a technical management fee of $572 per day per vessel for the provision of technical, operation, insurance, bunkering and crew management, commencing three months before the vessel is scheduled to be delivered by the shipyard and a commercial management fee of $312 per day per vessel, commencing from the date the vessel is delivered from the shipyard. In addition, the management agreements provide for payment to CSM of: (i) $520 per day for superintendent visits plus actual expenses; (ii) a chartering commission of 1.25% on all freight, hire and demurrage revenues; (iii) a commission of 1.00% of all gross sale proceeds or the purchase price paid for vessels and (iv) a commission of 0.2% on derivative agreements and loan financing or refinancing. CSM will also perform supervision services for all of our newbuilding vessels while the vessels are under construction, for which we will pay CSM the actual cost of the supervision services plus a fee of 7% of such supervision services.

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CSM provides at cost, all accounting, reporting and administrative services.
The New Letter Agreement and the management agreements have an initial term of five years, after which they will continue to be in effect until terminated by either party subject to an eighteen-month advance notice of termination.
Pursuant to the terms of the management agreements, all fees payable to CSM are adjusted annually according to the U.S. Consumer Price Inflation of the previous year.
Atlantis Ventures Ltd unsecured loan
On January 2, 2015, we entered into an unsecured credit facility with Atlantis Ventures Ltd, a related party affiliated with the family of our President, Chief Executive Officer and Director, Evangelos J. Pistiolis, for $2.3 million that was used to pay the penultimate shipyard installment for the M/T Stenaweco Evolution. We had undertaken to repay the loan within 12 months of its receipt. The drawdown of the loan took place on January 5, 2015 and was repaid on January 30, 2015. The loan had a fixed interest rate of 8% per annum, with the first six months being interest-free.
Sale and purchase brokerage agreement with Navis Finance AS
On October 2, 2014, we entered into a sale and leaseback brokerage agreement with Navis Finance AS, a company in which Per Christian Haukeness, a member of our Board of Directors, was one of the founding partners and a shareholder until January 2016, when he left the company and stopped being a shareholder. Pursuant to this agreement, we agreed to pay a brokerage commission of 2% on any vessel sale and leaseback for which Navis Finance AS acted as broker. In connection with the sale and leaseback of M/T Stenaweco Energy and M/T Stenaweco Evolution in January and March 2015, respectively, we paid a total of $1.1 million in sale and leaseback brokerage commissions pursuant to this agreement with Navis Finance AS.
Family Trading revolving credit facility and assumption of liabilities
On December 23, 2015, we entered into an unsecured revolving credit facility with Family Trading for up to $15 million to be used to fund our newbuilding program and working capital relating to our operating vessels (see Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Debt Facilities). Family Trading also assumed the outstanding balance of the M/T Delos termination fee (See "Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Operating Leases") that amounted to $3.8 million that was immediately due. As consideration for the assumption of this liability, on January 12, 2016, Family Trading received 1,355,816 of our common shares. We had the right to buy back up to 60% of these shares at any time until December 31, 2016, which we did not exercise. This transaction described above was approved by a special committee of our independent directors.
For a history of drawdowns and repayments under the facility, see "Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company."
C.
Interests of Experts and Counsel

Not applicable.
ITEM 8.
FINANCIAL INFORMATION.
A.
Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information
See "Item 18—Financial Statements."

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