UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)
[ X ] QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2019
or
[ ] TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to
Commission File Number: 001-07434
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Georgia | 58-1167100 | |
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) | |
1932 Wynnton Road, Columbus, Georgia | 31999 | |
(Address of principal executive offices) | (ZIP Code) | |
706.323.3431 |
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code) |
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report) |
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. þ Yes ¨ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). þ Yes ¨ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer þ | Accelerated filer ¨ | |
Non-accelerated filer ¨ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) | Smaller reporting company ¨ | |
Emerging growth company ¨ | ||
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ¨ Yes þ No
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.
Class | April 17, 2019 | |
Common Stock, $.10 Par Value | ||
Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries
Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q
For the Quarter Ended March 31, 2019
Table of Contents
PART I. | Page | ||
Item 1. | |||
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 | |||
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 | |||
March 31, 2019, and December 31, 2018 | |||
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 | |||
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 | |||
Item 2. | |||
Item 3. | |||
Item 4. | |||
PART II. | |||
Item 1. | |||
Item 2. | |||
Item 6. | |||
Items other than those listed above are omitted because they are not required or are not applicable.
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements.
Review by Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
The March 31, 2019, and 2018, consolidated financial statements included in this filing have been reviewed by KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, in accordance with established professional standards and procedures for such a review.
The report of KPMG LLP commenting upon its review is included on the following page.
1
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
Aflac Incorporated:
Results of Review of Interim Financial Information
We have reviewed the consolidated balance sheet of Aflac Incorporated and subsidiaries (the Company) as of March 31, 2019, the related consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive income (loss), shareholders' equity, and cash flows for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated interim financial information). Based on our reviews, we are not aware of any material modifications that should be made to the consolidated interim financial information for it to be in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We have previously audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheet of the Company as of December 31, 2018, and the related consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive income (loss), shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year then ended (not presented herein); and in our report dated February 25, 2019, we expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements. In our opinion, the information set forth in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2018, is fairly stated, in all material respects, in relation to the consolidated balance sheet from which it has been derived.
Basis for Review Results
This consolidated interim financial information is the responsibility of the Company’s management. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our reviews in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. A review of consolidated interim financial information consists principally of applying analytical procedures and making inquiries of persons responsible for financial and accounting matters. It is substantially less in scope than an audit conducted in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB, the objective of which is the expression of an opinion regarding the financial statements taken as a whole. Accordingly, we do not express such an opinion.
/s/ KPMG LLP |
Atlanta, Georgia
April 26, 2019
2
Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Earnings
Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||||
(In millions, except for share and per-share amounts - Unaudited) | 2019 | 2018 | ||||||||
Revenues: | ||||||||||
Net premiums, principally supplemental health insurance | $ | $ | ||||||||
Net investment income | ||||||||||
Realized investment gains (losses): | ||||||||||
Other-than-temporary impairment losses realized | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
Other gains (losses) | ( | ) | ||||||||
Total realized investment gains (losses) | ( | ) | ||||||||
Other income (loss) | ||||||||||
Total revenues | ||||||||||
Benefits and expenses: | ||||||||||
Benefits and claims, net | ||||||||||
Acquisition and operating expenses: | ||||||||||
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs | ||||||||||
Insurance commissions | ||||||||||
Insurance and other expenses | ||||||||||
Interest expense | ||||||||||
Total acquisition and operating expenses | ||||||||||
Total benefits and expenses | ||||||||||
Earnings before income taxes | ||||||||||
Income taxes | ||||||||||
Net earnings | $ | $ | ||||||||
Net earnings per share: | ||||||||||
Basic | $ | $ | ||||||||
Diluted | ||||||||||
Weighted-average outstanding common shares used in computing earnings per share (In thousands): | ||||||||||
Basic | ||||||||||
Diluted | ||||||||||
Cash dividends per share | $ | $ | ||||||||
See the accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
3
Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||||
(In millions - Unaudited) | 2019 | 2018 | ||||||||
Net earnings | $ | $ | ||||||||
Other comprehensive income (loss) before income taxes: | ||||||||||
Unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) during period | ( | ) | ||||||||
Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities: | ||||||||||
Unrealized holding gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities during period | ( | ) | ||||||||
Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains) losses on fixed maturity securities included in net earnings | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives during period | ( | ) | ||||||||
Pension liability adjustment during period | ( | ) | ||||||||
Total other comprehensive income (loss) before income taxes | ( | ) | ||||||||
Income tax expense (benefit) related to items of other comprehensive income (loss) | ( | ) | ||||||||
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxes | ( | ) | ||||||||
Total comprehensive income (loss) | $ | $ | ||||||||
See the accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
4
Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(In millions, except for share and per-share amounts) | March 31, 2019 (Unaudited) | December 31, 2018 | |||||||||
Assets: | |||||||||||
Investments and cash: | |||||||||||
Fixed maturity securities available for sale, at fair value (amortized cost $74,950 in 2019 and $73,007 in 2018) | $ | $ | |||||||||
Fixed maturity securities available for sale - consolidated variable interest entities, at fair value (amortized cost $3,756 in 2019 and $3,849 in 2018) | |||||||||||
Fixed maturity securities held to maturity, at amortized cost (fair value $37,446 in 2019 and $36,722 in 2018) | |||||||||||
Equity securities, at fair value | |||||||||||
Commercial mortgage and other loans (includes $5,892 in 2019 and $5,528 in 2018 of consolidated variable interest entities) | |||||||||||
Other investments (includes $374 in 2019 and $328 in 2018 of consolidated variable interest entities) | |||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | |||||||||||
Total investments and cash | |||||||||||
Receivables | |||||||||||
Accrued investment income | |||||||||||
Deferred policy acquisition costs | |||||||||||
Property and equipment, at cost less accumulated depreciation (1) | |||||||||||
Other | |||||||||||
Total assets | $ | $ | |||||||||
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity: | |||||||||||
Liabilities: | |||||||||||
Policy liabilities: | |||||||||||
Future policy benefits | $ | $ | |||||||||
Unpaid policy claims | |||||||||||
Unearned premiums | |||||||||||
Other policyholders’ funds | |||||||||||
Total policy liabilities | |||||||||||
Income taxes | |||||||||||
Payables for return of cash collateral on loaned securities | |||||||||||
Notes payable and lease obligations (1) | |||||||||||
Other | |||||||||||
Total liabilities | |||||||||||
Commitments and contingent liabilities (Note 12) | |||||||||||
Shareholders’ equity: | |||||||||||
Common stock of $.10 par value. In thousands: authorized 1,900,000 shares in 2019 and 2018; issued 1,348,600 shares in 2019 and 1,347,540 shares in 2018 | |||||||||||
Additional paid-in capital | |||||||||||
Retained earnings | |||||||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss): | |||||||||||
Unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities | |||||||||||
Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Pension liability adjustment | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Treasury stock, at average cost | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Total shareholders’ equity | |||||||||||
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | $ | $ | |||||||||
(1) See Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the adoption of accounting guidance on January 1, 2019 related to leases.
See the accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
5
Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity
(In millions, except for per share amounts - Unaudited) | Common Stock | Additional Paid-in Capital | Retained Earnings | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Treasury Stock | Total Shareholders' Equity | ||||||||||||
Balance at December 31, 2018 | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ||||||||||
Net earnings | ||||||||||||||||||
Unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) during period, net of income tax | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||
Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities during period, net of income taxes and reclassification adjustments | ||||||||||||||||||
Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives during period, net of income taxes | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||
Pension liability adjustment during period, net of income taxes | ||||||||||||||||||
Dividends to shareholders ($.27 per share) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||
Exercise of stock options | ||||||||||||||||||
Share-based compensation | ||||||||||||||||||
Purchases of treasury stock | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||
Treasury stock reissued | ||||||||||||||||||
Balance at March 31, 2019 | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ||||||||||
(In millions, except for per share amounts - Unaudited) | Common Stock | Additional Paid-in Capital | Retained Earnings | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Treasury Stock | Total Shareholders' Equity | ||||||||||||
Balance at December 31, 2017 | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ||||||||||
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principles, net of income tax(1) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Net earnings | ||||||||||||||||||
Unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) during period, net of income tax | ||||||||||||||||||
Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities during period, net of income taxes and reclassification adjustments(1) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||
Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives during period, net of income taxes | ||||||||||||||||||
Pension liability adjustment during period, net of income taxes | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||
Dividends to shareholders ($.26 per share) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||
Exercise of stock options | ||||||||||||||||||
Share-based compensation | ||||||||||||||||||
Purchases of treasury stock | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||
Treasury stock reissued | ||||||||||||||||||
Balance at March 31, 2018 | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ||||||||||
(1) See Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company's 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K
See the accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
6
Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||
(In millions - Unaudited) | 2019 | 2018 | |||||||||
Cash flows from operating activities: | |||||||||||
Net earnings | $ | $ | |||||||||
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash provided by operating activities: | |||||||||||
Change in receivables and advance premiums | |||||||||||
Capitalization of deferred policy acquisition costs | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs | |||||||||||
Increase in policy liabilities | |||||||||||
Change in income tax liabilities | ( | ) | |||||||||
Realized investment (gains) losses | ( | ) | |||||||||
Other, net | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Net cash provided (used) by operating activities | |||||||||||
Cash flows from investing activities: | |||||||||||
Proceeds from investments sold or matured: | |||||||||||
Available-for-sale fixed maturity securities | |||||||||||
Equity securities | |||||||||||
Held-to-maturity fixed maturity securities | |||||||||||
Commercial mortgage and other loans | |||||||||||
Costs of investments acquired: | |||||||||||
Available-for-sale fixed maturity securities | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Equity securities | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Commercial mortgage and other loans | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Other investments, net | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Settlement of derivatives, net | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Cash received (pledged or returned) as collateral, net | |||||||||||
Other, net | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Net cash provided (used) by investing activities | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Cash flows from financing activities: | |||||||||||
Purchases of treasury stock | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Proceeds from borrowings | |||||||||||
Dividends paid to shareholders | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Change in investment-type contracts, net | ( | ) | |||||||||
Treasury stock reissued | |||||||||||
Other, net | ( | ) | |||||||||
Net cash provided (used) by financing activities | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | ( | ) | |||||||||
Net change in cash and cash equivalents | ( | ) | |||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period | |||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period | $ | $ | |||||||||
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information: | |||||||||||
Income taxes paid | $ | ( | ) | $ | |||||||
Interest paid | |||||||||||
Noncash interest | |||||||||||
Impairment losses included in realized investment losses | |||||||||||
Noncash financing activities: | |||||||||||
Lease obligations | |||||||||||
Treasury stock issued for: | |||||||||||
Associate stock bonus | |||||||||||
Shareholder dividend reinvestment | |||||||||||
Share-based compensation grants | |||||||||||
See the accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
7
Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
(Interim period data – Unaudited)
1. |
Aflac Incorporated (the Parent Company) and its subsidiaries (collectively, the Company) primarily sell supplemental health and life insurance in the United States and Japan. The Company's insurance business is marketed and administered through American Family Life Assurance Company of Columbus (Aflac) in the United States and, effective April 1, 2018, through Aflac Life Insurance Japan Ltd. (ALIJ) in Japan. Prior to April 1, 2018, the Company's insurance business was marketed in Japan as a branch of Aflac. The Company’s operations consist of two reportable business segments: Aflac U.S., which includes Aflac, and Aflac Japan, which includes ALIJ. American Family Life Assurance Company of New York (Aflac New York) is a wholly owned subsidiary of Aflac. Most of Aflac's policies are individually underwritten and marketed through independent agents. Additionally, Aflac U.S. markets and administers group products through Continental American Insurance Company (CAIC), branded as Aflac Group Insurance. The Company's insurance operations in the United States and Japan service the two markets for the Company's insurance business. Aflac Japan's revenues, including realized gains and losses on its investment portfolio, accounted for 68 % and 71 % of the Company's total revenues in the three-month periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The percentage of the Company's total assets attributable to Aflac Japan was 84 % at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.
Basis of Presentation
The Company prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP). These principles are established primarily by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). In these Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, references to U.S. GAAP issued by the FASB are derived from the FASB Accounting Standards CodificationTM (ASC). The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires the Company to make estimates based on currently available information when recording transactions resulting from business operations. The most significant items on the Company's balance sheet that involve a greater degree of accounting estimates and actuarial determinations subject to changes in the future are the valuation of investments and derivatives, deferred policy acquisition costs (DAC), liabilities for future policy benefits and unpaid policy claims, and income taxes. These accounting estimates and actuarial determinations are sensitive to market conditions, investment yields, mortality, morbidity, commission and other acquisition expenses, and terminations by policyholders. As additional information becomes available, or actual amounts are determinable, the recorded estimates will be revised and reflected in operating results. Although some variability is inherent in these estimates, the Company believes the amounts provided are adequate.
The unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Parent Company, its subsidiaries and those entities required to be consolidated under applicable accounting standards. All material intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.
In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements of the Company contain all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring accruals, which are necessary to fairly present the consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2019, and December 31, 2018, the consolidated statements of earnings and comprehensive income (loss), shareholders' equity and cash flows for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018. Results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results for the entire year. As a result, these financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company's annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 (2018 Annual Report).
8
Standard | Description | Date of Adoption | Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters |
Accounting Standard Update (ASU) 2018-15 Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software, Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract | In August 2018, the FASB issued amendments to align the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. | Early adopted as of January 1, 2019 | The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or disclosures |
9
Standard | Description | Date of Adoption | Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters |
ASU 2016-02 Leases as clarified and amended by: ASU 2018-01, Leases: Land Easement Practical Expedient for Transition to Topic 842, ASU 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases, ASU 2018-11, Leases, Targeted Improvements, and ASU 2018-20, Leases: Narrow-Scope Improvements for Lessors | In February 2016, the FASB issued updated guidance for accounting for leases (“Leases Update”). Per the Leases Update, lessees are required to recognize all leases on the balance sheet with the exception of short-term leases. A lease liability will be recorded for the obligation of a lessee to make lease payments arising from a lease. Leases will be classified as finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern and classification of expense recognition in the income statement. The Leases Update provided a number of optional practical expedients. The Company elected the "package of practical expedients," which permits the Company not to reassess under the new standard its prior conclusions about lease identification, lease classification and initial direct costs. Under the Leases Update, lessor accounting is largely unchanged. In January 2018, an amendment was issued to the Leases Update which provided an entity with the option to elect a transition practical expedient to not evaluate land easements that exist or expired before the entity's adoption of the Leases Update and that were not previously accounted for as leases. In July 2018, the FASB issued two amendments to the Leases Update which clarified, corrected errors in, or made minor improvements to the Leases Update and provided entities with an optional transition method to adopt the Leases Update by recording a cumulative-effect adjustment to beginning retained earnings. Additionally, the amendments provided lessors with a practical expedient to not separate nonlease components from associated lease components and instead account for those components as a single component under certain conditions. In December 2018, an amendment to the Leases Update was issued to clarify: 1) lessor accounting for all sales (and other similar) taxes; 2) the handling of certain lessor costs when the amount of those costs is not readily determinable; and 3) lessor allocation of certain variable payments to the lease and non-lease components. | January 1, 2019 | The Company has operating and finance leases for office space and equipment. The Company elected the short-term lease exemption for all classes of leases which allows the Company to not recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet and allows the Company to recognize the lease expense for short-term leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company elected the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components and applied it to all classes of leases where the non-lease components are not significant. Some of the Company's leases include options to extend or terminate the lease and the lease terms may include such options when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Certain leases also include options to purchase the leased property. The leases within scope of the Leases Update increased the Company's right-of-use assets and lease liabilities recorded in its consolidated balance sheet by $134 million. As of January 1, 2019, the Company did not have land easements, but has elected the practical expedient as a safe harbor. The Company elected the optional transition method and as a safe harbor, the practical expedient provided to lessors. The Company has made an accounting policy election to exclude amounts collected from customers for all sales (and other similar) taxes from the transaction price. The adoption of the Leases Update and related amendments did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, or disclosures. |
10
Standard | Description | Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters |
ASU 2018-17 Consolidation: Targeted Improvements to Related Party Guidance for Variable Interest Entities | In October 2018, the FASB issued targeted improvements which provide that indirect interests held through related parties under common control should be considered on a proportional basis for determining whether fees paid to decision makers and service providers are variable interests. The amendments are effective for public business entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. | The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or disclosures. |
ASU 2018-14 Compensation - Retirement Benefits - Defined Benefit Plans - General, Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans | In August 2018, the FASB issued amendments to modify the disclosure requirements for employers that sponsor defined benefit pension or other postretirement plans. Accordingly, six disclosures requirements were removed, two added and two clarified. The amendments are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. Early adoption is permitted. | The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, or disclosures. |
ASU 2018-13 Fair Value Measurement, Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement | In August 2018, the FASB issued amendments to the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements. The amendments remove, modify, and add certain disclosures. The amendments are effective for all entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. Further, an entity is permitted to early adopt any removed or modified disclosures upon issuance of this update and delay adoption of the additional disclosures until their effective date. | The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, or disclosures. |
ASU 2018-12 Financial Services - Insurance, Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts | In August 2018, the FASB issued amendments that will significantly change how insurers account for long-duration contracts. The amendments will change existing recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure requirements. Issues addressed in the new guidance include: 1) a requirement to review and, if there is a change, update assumptions for the liability for future policy benefits at least annually, and to update the discount rate assumption quarterly, 2) accounting for market risk benefits at fair value, 3) simplified amortization for deferred acquisition costs, and 4) enhanced financial statement presentation and disclosures. The amendments are effective for public business entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020. Early application of the amendments is permitted. | The Company is thoroughly evaluating the impact of adoption and expects that the adoption will have a significant impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, and disclosures. The Company anticipates that the requirement to update assumptions for liability for future policy benefits will have a significant impact on its results of operations, systems, processes and controls while the requirement to update the discount rate will have a significant impact on its equity. The Company has no products with market risk benefits. The Company does not expect to early adopt the updated standard. |
ASU 2017-04 Intangibles - Goodwill and Other: Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment | In January 2017, the FASB issued amendments simplifying the subsequent measurement of goodwill. An entity, under this update, is no longer required to perform a hypothetical purchase price allocation to measure goodwill impairment. Instead, the entity should perform its annual or interim goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. The amendments are effective for public business entities that are SEC filers for annual or any interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for any goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. | The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, or disclosures. |
11
Standard | Description | Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters |
ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments | In June 2016, the FASB issued amendments that require a financial asset (or a group of financial assets) measured on an amortized cost basis to be presented net of an allowance for credit losses in order to reflect the amount expected to be collected on the financial asset(s). The measurement of expected credit losses is amended by replacing the incurred loss impairment methodology in current U.S. GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform about a credit loss. Credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities will continue to be measured in a manner similar to current U.S. GAAP; however, the amendments require that credit losses be presented as an allowance rather than as a write-down. Other amendments include changes to the balance sheet presentation and interest income recognition of purchased financial assets with a more-than-insignificant amount of credit deterioration since origination (PCD financial assets). The amendments are effective for public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Companies may early adopt this guidance as of the fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The amendments will be adopted following a modified-retrospective approach resulting in a cumulative effect adjustment in retained earnings as of the beginning of the year of adoption. Two exceptions to this adoption method are for PCD financial assets and debt securities for which other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) will have been recognized before the effective date. Loans purchased with credit deterioration accounted for under current U.S. GAAP as "purchased credit impaired" (PCI) financial assets will be classified as PCD financial assets at transition and PCD guidance will be applied prospectively. Debt securities that have experienced OTTI before the effective date will follow a prospective adoption method which allows an entity to maintain the same amortized cost basis before and after the effective date. | The Company has identified certain financial instruments in scope of this guidance to include certain fixed maturity securities, loans and loan receivables and reinsurance recoverables (See Notes 3 and 7 for current balances of instruments in scope). The Company is continuing its progress towards updating its credit loss projection models and accounting systems in order to comply with the required changes in measurement of credit losses. The Company currently expects loans and loan receivables and held-to-maturity fixed maturity securities to be the asset classes most significantly impacted upon adoption of the guidance. The Company continues to evaluate the impact of adoption of this guidance on its financial position, results of operations, and disclosures. |
2. |
The Company consists of two reportable insurance business segments: Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S., both of which sell supplemental health and life insurance. In addition, operating business units that are not individually reportable and business activities, including reinsurance retrocession activities, not included in Aflac Japan or Aflac U.S. are included in Corporate and other.
The Company does not allocate corporate overhead expenses to business segments. Consistent with U.S. GAAP accounting guidance for segment reporting, the Company evaluates and manages its business segments using a financial performance measure called pretax adjusted earnings. Adjusted earnings are adjusted revenues less benefits and adjusted expenses. The adjustments to both revenues and expenses account for certain items that cannot be predicted or that are outside management’s control. Adjusted revenues are U.S. GAAP total revenues excluding realized investment gains and losses, except for amortized hedge costs/income related to foreign currency exposure management strategies and net interest cash flows from derivatives associated with certain investment strategies. Adjusted expenses are U.S. GAAP total acquisition and operating expenses including the impact of interest cash flows from derivatives associated with notes payable but excluding any nonrecurring or other items not associated with the normal course of the Company’s insurance operations and that do not reflect Aflac’s underlying business performance. The Company excludes income
12
taxes related to operations to arrive at pretax adjusted earnings. Information regarding operations by reportable segment and Corporate and other, follows:
Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||
(In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | ||||||
Revenues: | ||||||||
Aflac Japan: | ||||||||
Net earned premiums | $ | $ | ||||||
Net investment income, less amortized hedge costs | ||||||||
Other income | ||||||||
Total Aflac Japan | ||||||||
Aflac U.S.: | ||||||||
Net earned premiums | ||||||||
Net investment income | ||||||||
Other income | ||||||||
Total Aflac U.S. | ||||||||
Corporate and other | ||||||||
Total adjusted revenues | ||||||||
Realized investment gains (losses) (1),(2),(3) | ( | ) | ||||||
Total revenues | $ | $ | ||||||
(1) Amortized hedge costs of $62 and $55 for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2019, and 2018 , respectively, related to certain foreign currency exposure management strategies have been reclassified from realized investment gains (losses) and reported as a deduction from net investment income when analyzing operations.
(2) Amortized hedge income of $20 and $2 for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2019, and 2018 , respectively, related to certain foreign currency exposure management strategies has been reclassified from realized investment gains (losses) and reported as an increase to net investment income when analyzing operations.
(3) Net interest cash flows from derivatives associated with certain investment strategies of $(7 ) for the three-month period ended March 31, 2019 and an immaterial amount in 2018, respectively, have been reclassified from realized investment gains (losses) and included in adjusted earnings as a component of net investment income.
13
Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||
(In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | ||||||
Pretax earnings: | ||||||||
Aflac Japan | $ | $ | ||||||
Aflac U.S. | ||||||||
Corporate and other | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
Pretax adjusted earnings | ||||||||
Realized investment gains (losses) (1),(2),(3),(4) | ( | ) | ||||||
Other income (loss) | ( | ) | ||||||
Total earnings before income taxes | $ | $ | ||||||
Income taxes applicable to pretax adjusted earnings | $ | $ | ||||||
Effect of foreign currency translation on after-tax adjusted earnings | ( | ) | ||||||
(1) Amortized hedge costs of $62 and $55 for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2019, and 2018 , respectively, related to certain foreign currency management strategies have been reclassified from realized investment gains (losses) and reported as a deduction from pretax adjusted earnings when analyzing operations.
(2) Amortized hedge income of $20 and $2 for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2019, and 2018 , respectively, related to certain foreign currency management strategies has been reclassified from realized investment gains (losses) and reported as an increase in pretax adjusted earnings when analyzing operations.
(3) Net interest cash flows from derivatives associated with certain investment strategies of $(7 ) for the three-month period ended March 31, 2019 and an immaterial amount in 2018, respectively, have been reclassified from realized investment gains (losses) and included in adjusted earnings as a component of net investment income.
(4) A gain of $17 and $17 for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2019, and 2018 , respectively, related to the interest rate component of the change in fair value of foreign currency swaps on notes payable have been reclassified from realized investment gains (losses) and included in adjusted earnings when analyzing operations
(In millions) | March 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | |||||||||
Assets: | |||||||||||
Aflac Japan | $ | $ | |||||||||
Aflac U.S. | |||||||||||
Corporate and other | |||||||||||
Total assets | $ | $ | |||||||||
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3. |
Investment Holdings
March 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
(In millions) | Cost or Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||
Securities available for sale, carried at fair value through other comprehensive income: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity securities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Yen-denominated: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Japan government and agencies | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
Municipalities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Public utilities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Sovereign and supranational | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Banks/financial institutions | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Other corporate | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Total yen-denominated | |||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. dollar-denominated: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. government and agencies | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Municipalities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Public utilities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Sovereign and supranational | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Banks/financial institutions | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Other corporate | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Total U.S. dollar-denominated | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Total securities available for sale | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
15
December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
(In millions) | Cost or Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||
Securities available for sale, carried at fair value through other comprehensive income: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity securities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Yen-denominated: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Japan government and agencies | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
Municipalities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Public utilities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Sovereign and supranational | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Banks/financial institutions | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Other corporate | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Total yen-denominated | |||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S dollar-denominated: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. government and agencies | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Municipalities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Public utilities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Sovereign and supranational | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Banks/financial institutions | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Other corporate | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Total U.S. dollar-denominated | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Total securities available for sale | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
March 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
(In millions) | Cost or Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||
Securities held to maturity, carried at amortized cost: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity securities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Yen-denominated: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Japan government and agencies | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
Municipalities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Public utilities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Sovereign and supranational | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Banks/financial institutions | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Other corporate | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Total yen-denominated | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Total securities held to maturity | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
16
December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
(In millions) | Cost or Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||
Securities held to maturity, carried at amortized cost: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity securities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Yen-denominated: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Japan government and agencies | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
Municipalities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Public utilities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Sovereign and supranational | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Banks/financial institutions | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Other corporate | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Total yen-denominated | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Total securities held to maturity | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
March 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||
(In millions) | Fair Value | Fair Value | |||||||||
Equity securities, carried at fair value through net earnings: | |||||||||||
Equity securities: | |||||||||||
Yen-denominated | $ | $ | |||||||||
U.S. dollar-denominated | |||||||||||
Total equity securities | $ | $ | |||||||||
During the first quarter of 2019 and 2018, respectively, the Company did not reclassify any investments from the held-to-maturity category to the available-for-sale category.
Contractual and Economic Maturities
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(In millions) | Amortized Cost | Fair Value | ||||||||||
Available for sale: | ||||||||||||
Due in one year or less | $ | $ | ||||||||||
Due after one year through five years | ||||||||||||
Due after five years through 10 years | ||||||||||||
Due after 10 years | ||||||||||||
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities | ||||||||||||
Total fixed maturity securities available for sale | $ | $ | ||||||||||
Held to maturity: | ||||||||||||
Due in one year or less | $ | $ | ||||||||||
Due after one year through five years | ||||||||||||
Due after five years through 10 years | ||||||||||||
Due after 10 years | ||||||||||||
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities | ||||||||||||
Total fixed maturity securities held to maturity | $ | $ | ||||||||||
Economic maturities are the expected maturity date created by the combination of features in the financial instrument. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because some issuers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
Investment Concentrations
The Company's process for investing in credit-related investments begins with an independent approach to underwriting each issuer's fundamental credit quality. The Company evaluates independently those factors that it believes could influence an issuer's ability to make payments under the contractual terms of the Company's instruments. This includes a thorough analysis of a variety of items including the issuer's country of domicile (including political, legal, and financial considerations); the industry in which the issuer competes (with an analysis of industry structure, end-market dynamics, and regulation); company specific issues (such as management, assets, earnings, cash generation, and capital needs); and contractual provisions of the instrument (such as financial covenants and position in the capital structure). The Company further evaluates the investment considering broad business and portfolio management objectives, including asset/liability needs, portfolio diversification, and expected income.
March 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||
(In millions) | Credit Rating | Amortized Cost | Fair Value | Credit Rating | Amortized Cost | Fair Value | |||||
Japan National Government(1) | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||
18
Realized Investment Gains and Losses
Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||
(In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | ||||||
Realized investment gains (losses): | ||||||||
Fixed maturity securities: | ||||||||
Available for sale: | ||||||||
Gross gains from sales | $ | $ | ||||||
Gross losses from sales | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
Foreign currency gains (losses) on sales and redemptions | ( | ) | ||||||
Total fixed maturity securities | ||||||||
Equity securities | ( | ) | ||||||
Loan receivables: | ||||||||
Loan loss reserves | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
Total loan receivables | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
Derivatives and other: | ||||||||
Derivative gains (losses) | ||||||||
Foreign currency gains (losses) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
Total derivatives and other | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
Total realized investment gains (losses) | $ | $ | ( | ) | ||||
The unrealized holding gains, net of losses, recorded as a component of realized investment gains and losses for the three-month period ended March 31, 2019, that relates to equity securities still held at the March 31, 2019, reporting date was $47 million.
Unrealized Investment Gains and Losses
Effect on Shareholders’ Equity
(In millions) | March 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | |||||||||
Unrealized gains (losses) on securities available for sale | $ | $ | |||||||||
Deferred income taxes | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Shareholders’ equity, unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities | $ | $ | |||||||||
Gross Unrealized Loss Aging
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March 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | Less than 12 months | 12 months or longer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(In millions) | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity securities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. government and agencies: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. dollar-denominated | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japan government and agencies: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Yen-denominated | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Municipalities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Yen-denominated | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mortgage- and asset- backed securities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. dollar-denominated | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Public utilities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. dollar-denominated | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Banks/financial institutions: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. dollar-denominated | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Yen-denominated | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other corporate: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. dollar-denominated | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Yen-denominated | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
20
December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | Less than 12 months | 12 months or longer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(In millions) | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity securities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. government and agencies: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. dollar-denominated | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japan government and agencies: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Yen-denominated | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Municipalities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. dollar-denominated | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Yen-denominated | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mortgage- and asset- backed securities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. dollar-denominated | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Public utilities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. dollar-denominated | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Yen-denominated | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Banks/financial institutions: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. dollar-denominated | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Yen-denominated | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other corporate: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. dollar-denominated | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Yen-denominated | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Analysis of Securities in Unrealized Loss Positions
The unrealized losses on the Company's fixed maturity securities investments have been primarily related to general market changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and/or the levels of credit spreads rather than specific concerns with the issuer's ability to pay interest and repay principal.
For any significant declines in fair value of its fixed maturity securities, the Company performs a more focused review of the related issuers' credit profile. For corporate issuers, the Company evaluates their assets, business profile including industry dynamics and competitive positioning, financial statements and other available financial data. For non-corporate issuers, the Company analyzes all sources of credit support, including issuer-specific factors. The Company utilizes information available in the public domain and, for certain private placement issuers, from consultations with the issuers directly. The Company also considers ratings from Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations (NRSROs), as well as the specific characteristics of the security it owns including seniority in the issuer's capital structure, covenant protections, or other relevant features. From these reviews, the Company evaluates the issuers' continued ability to service the Company's investment through payment of interest and principal.
Assuming no credit-related factors develop, unrealized gains and losses on fixed maturity securities are expected to diminish as investments near maturity. Based on its credit analysis, the Company believes that the issuers of its fixed maturity investments in the sectors shown in the table above have the ability to service their obligations to the Company.
Commercial Mortgage and Other Loans
The Company classifies its transitional real estate loans (TREs), commercial mortgage loans (CMLs) and middle market loans (MMLs) as held-for-investment and includes them in the commercial mortgage and other loans line on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company carries them on the balance sheet at amortized cost less an estimated allowance for loan losses.
21
(In millions) | March 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage and other loans: | ||||||||||||||
Transitional real estate loans | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage loans | ||||||||||||||
Middle market loans | ||||||||||||||
Total gross commercial mortgage and other loans | ||||||||||||||
Valuation allowance | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||
Total net commercial mortgage and other loans | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage and transitional real estate loans were secured by properties entirely within the United States. Middle market loans are issued only to companies domiciled within the United States.
Transitional Real Estate Loans
Transitional real estate loans are commercial mortgage loans that are typically relatively short-term floating rate instruments secured by a first lien on the property. These loans provide funding for properties undergoing a change in their physical characteristics and/or economic profile and do not typically require any principal repayment prior to the maturity date. This loan portfolio has guidelines that limit the average loan-to-value at origination to be 70 % or lower with individual loan-to-value limits at origination of 80 % or less. As of March 31, 2019, the Company had $733 million in outstanding commitments to fund transitional real estate loans. These commitments are contingent on the final underwriting and due diligence to be performed.
Commercial Mortgage Loans
Commercial mortgage loans are typically fixed rate loans on commercial real estate with partial repayment of principal over the life of the loan with the remaining outstanding principal being repaid upon maturity. This loan portfolio has guidelines that limit the average loan-to-value at origination to be 65 % or lower with individual loan-to-value limits at origination of 70 % or less. As of March 31, 2019, the Company had $28 million in outstanding commitments to fund commercial mortgage loans. These commitments are contingent on the final underwriting and due diligence to be performed.
Middle Market Loans
Middle market loans are typically first lien senior secured cash flow loans to small to mid-size companies for working capital, refinancing, acquisition, and recapitalization. These loans are generally considered to be below investment grade. The carrying value for middle market loans included an unfunded amount of $127 million and $56 million, as of March 31, 2019, and December 31, 2018, respectively, that is reflected in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.
As of March 31, 2019, the Company had commitments of approximately $677 million to fund potential future loan originations related to this investment program. These commitments are contingent upon the availability of middle market loans that meet the Company's underwriting criteria.
Allowance for Loan Losses
The Company's allowance for loan losses is established using both general and specific allowances. The general allowance is used for loans grouped by similar risk characteristics where a loan-specific or market-specific risk has not been identified, but for which the Company estimates probable incurred losses. The specific allowance is used on an individual loan basis when it is probable that a loss has been incurred. There was no specific loan loss reserve as of March 31, 2019, and December 31, 2018. As of March 31, 2019, and December 31, 2018, the Company's general allowance for loan losses was $29 million and $27 million, respectively.
22
(In millions) | Commercial Mortgage Loans | Transitional Real Estate Loans | Middle Market Loans | Total | |||||||||||||||||||
Allowance for loan losses at December 31, 2018 | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | |||||||||||
Addition to (release of) allowance for credit losses | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||
Allowance for loan losses at March 31, 2019 | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | |||||||||||
The key credit quality indicators used by the company in establishing the general and specific loan loss reserves, as well as in determining whether or not a loan should be impaired, include loan-to-value and debt service coverage ratios for CMLs and TREs and ratings for our middle market loan portfolio. Given that transitional real estate loans involve properties undergoing renovation or construction, loan-to-value provides the most insight on the credit risk of the property. The performance of the loans are monitored and reviewed periodically, but not less than quarterly.
As of March 31, 2019, and December 31, 2018, the Company had no loans that were past due in regards to principal and/or interest payments. Additionally, the Company held no loans that were on nonaccrual status or considered impaired as of March 31, 2019, and December 31, 2018. The Company had no troubled debt restructurings during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.
Other Investments
(In millions) | March 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | |||||||||
Other investments: | |||||||||||
Policy loans | $ | $ | |||||||||
Short-term investments (1) | |||||||||||
Limited partnerships | |||||||||||
Other | |||||||||||
Total other investments | $ | $ | |||||||||
As of March 31, 2019, the Company had $915 million in outstanding commitments to fund alternative investments in limited partnerships.
Variable Interest Entities (VIEs)
As a condition of its involvement or investment in a VIE, the Company enters into certain protective rights and covenants that preclude changes in the structure of the VIE that would alter the creditworthiness of the Company's investment or its beneficial interest in the VIE.
For those VIEs other than certain unit trust structures, the Company's involvement is passive in nature. The Company has not, nor has it been, required to purchase any securities issued in the future by these VIEs.
The Company's ownership interest in VIEs is limited to holding the obligations issued by them. The Company has no direct or contingent obligations to fund the limited activities of these VIEs, nor does it have any direct or indirect financial guarantees related to the limited activities of these VIEs. The Company has not provided any assistance or any other type of financing support to any of the VIEs it invests in, nor does it have any intention to do so in the future. For those VIEs in which the Company holds debt obligations, the weighted-average lives of the Company's notes are very similar to the underlying collateral held by these VIEs where applicable.
The Company's risk of loss related to its interests in any of its VIEs is limited to the carrying value of the related investments held in the VIE.
23
The following table presents the cost or amortized cost, fair value and balance sheet caption in which the assets and liabilities of consolidated VIEs are reported.
Investments in Consolidated Variable Interest Entities
March 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
(In millions) | Cost or Amortized Cost | Fair Value | Cost or Amortized Cost | Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||
Assets: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity securities, available for sale | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
Equity securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage and other loans | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Other investments (1) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Other assets (2) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Total assets of consolidated VIEs | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
Liabilities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Other liabilities (2) | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
Total liabilities of consolidated VIEs | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
(1) Consists entirely of alternative investments in limited partnerships
The Company is substantively the only investor in the consolidated VIEs listed in the table above. As the sole investor in these VIEs, the Company has the power to direct the activities of a variable interest entity that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance and is therefore considered to be the primary beneficiary of the VIEs that it consolidates. The Company also participates in substantially all of the variability created by these VIEs. The activities of these VIEs are limited to holding invested assets and foreign currency swaps, as appropriate, and utilizing the cash flows from these securities to service its investment. Neither the Company nor any of its creditors are able to obtain the underlying collateral of the VIEs unless there is an event of default or other specified event. For those VIEs that contain a swap, the Company is not a direct counterparty to the swap contracts and has no control over them. The Company's loss exposure to these VIEs is limited to its original investment. The Company's consolidated VIEs do not rely on outside or ongoing sources of funding to support their activities beyond the underlying collateral and swap contracts, if applicable. With the exception of its investment in unit trust structures, the underlying collateral assets and funding of the Company's consolidated VIEs are generally static in nature.
Investments in Unit Trust Structures
The Company also utilizes unit trust structures in its Aflac Japan segment to invest in various asset classes. As the sole investor of these VIEs, the Company is required to consolidate these trusts under U.S. GAAP.
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The table below reflects the amortized cost, fair value and balance sheet caption in which the Company's investment in VIEs not consolidated are reported.
Investments in Variable Interest Entities Not Consolidated
March 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
(In millions) | Amortized Cost | Fair Value | Amortized Cost | Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||
Assets: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity securities, available for sale | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity securities, held to maturity | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Other investments (1) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Total investments in VIEs not consolidated | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
The Company holds alternative investments in limited partnerships that have been determined to be VIEs. These partnerships invest in private equity and structured investments. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss on these investments is limited to the amount of its investment. The Company is not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs and is therefore not required to consolidate them. The Company classifies these investments as Other investments in the consolidated balance sheets.
Certain investments in VIEs that the Company is not required to consolidate are investments that are in the form of debt obligations from the VIEs that are irrevocably and unconditionally guaranteed by their corporate parents or sponsors. These VIEs are the primary financing vehicles used by their corporate sponsors to raise financing in the capital markets. The variable interests created by these VIEs are principally or solely a result of the debt instruments issued by them. The Company does not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance, nor does it have the obligation to absorb losses of the entity or the right to receive benefits from the entity. As such, the Company is not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs and is therefore not required to consolidate them.
Securities Lending and Pledged Securities
The Company lends fixed maturity and public equity securities to financial institutions in short-term security-lending transactions. These short-term security-lending arrangements increase investment income with minimal risk. The Company receives cash or other securities as collateral for such loans. The Company's security lending policy requires that the fair value of the securities received as collateral be 102 % or more of the fair value of the loaned securities and that unrestricted cash received as collateral be 100 % or more of the fair value of the loaned securities. The securities loaned continue to be carried as investment assets on the Company's balance sheet during the terms of the loans and are not reported as sales. For loans involving unrestricted cash or securities as collateral, the collateral is reported as an asset with a corresponding liability for the return of the collateral. For loans where the Company receives as collateral securities that the Company is not permitted to sell or repledge, the collateral is not reflected on the consolidated financial statements.
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Securities Lending Transactions Accounted for as Secured Borrowings | |||||||||||||||
March 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||
Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements | |||||||||||||||
(In millions) | Overnight and Continuous(1) | Up to 30 days | Greater than 90 days | Total | |||||||||||
Securities lending transactions: | |||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity securities: | |||||||||||||||
Japan government and agencies | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||
Public utilities | |||||||||||||||
Banks/financial institutions | |||||||||||||||
Other corporate | |||||||||||||||
Equity securities | |||||||||||||||
Total borrowings | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||
Gross amount of recognized liabilities for securities lending transactions | $ | ||||||||||||||
Amounts related to agreements not included in offsetting disclosure in Note 4 | $ | ||||||||||||||
(1) The related loaned security, under the Company's U.S. securities lending program, can be returned to the Company at the transferee's discretion; therefore, they are classified as Overnight and Continuous.
Securities Lending Transactions Accounted for as Secured Borrowings | |||||||||||||||
December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||
Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements | |||||||||||||||
(In millions) | Overnight and Continuous(1) | Up to 30 days | Greater than 90 days | Total | |||||||||||
Securities lending transactions: | |||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity securities: | |||||||||||||||
Japan government and agencies | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||
Municipalities | |||||||||||||||
Public utilities | |||||||||||||||
Banks/financial institutions | |||||||||||||||
Other corporate | |||||||||||||||
Equity securities | |||||||||||||||
Total borrowings | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||
Gross amount of recognized liabilities for securities lending transactions | $ | ||||||||||||||
Amounts related to agreements not included in offsetting disclosure in Note 4 | $ | ||||||||||||||
(1) The related loaned security, under the Company's U.S. securities lending program, can be returned to the Company at the transferee's discretion; therefore, they are classified as Overnight and Continuous
The Company did not have any repurchase agreements or repurchase-to-maturity transactions outstanding as of March 31, 2019, and December 31, 2018, respectively.
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4. |
The Company's freestanding derivative financial instruments have historically consisted of:
• | foreign currency forwards and options used in hedging foreign exchange risk on U.S. dollar-denominated investments in Aflac Japan's portfolio |
• | foreign currency forwards and options used to economically hedge certain portions of forecasted cash flows denominated in yen and hedge the Company's long term exposure to a weakening yen |
• | cross-currency interest rate swaps, also referred to as foreign currency swaps, associated with certain senior notes and subordinated debentures |
• | foreign currency swaps and, in prior periods, credit default swaps that are associated with investments in special-purpose entities, including VIEs where the Company is the primary beneficiary |
• | interest rate swaps used to economically hedge interest rate fluctuations in certain variable-rate investments |
• | interest rate swaptions used to hedge changes in the fair value associated with interest rate fluctuations for certain U.S. dollar-denominated available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities. |
Some of the Company's derivatives are designated as cash flow hedges, fair value hedges or net investment hedges; however, other derivatives do not qualify for hedge accounting or the Company elects not to designate them as accounting hedges.
Derivative Types
Foreign currency forwards and options are executed for the Aflac Japan segment in order to hedge the currency risk on the carrying value of certain U.S. dollar-denominated investments. The average maturity of these forwards and options can change depending on factors such as market conditions and types of investments being held. In situations where the maturity of the forwards and options is shorter than the underlying investment being hedged, the Company may enter into new forwards and options near maturity of the existing derivative in order to continue hedging the underlying investment. In forward transactions, Aflac Japan agrees with another party to buy a fixed amount of yen and sell a corresponding amount of U.S. dollars at a specified future date. Aflac Japan also executes foreign currency option transactions in a collar strategy, where Aflac Japan agrees with another party to simultaneously purchase put options and sell call options. In the purchased put transactions, Aflac Japan obtains the option to buy a fixed amount of yen and sell a corresponding amount of U.S. dollars at a specified future date. In the sold call transaction, Aflac Japan agrees to sell a fixed amount of yen and buy a corresponding amount of U.S. dollars at a specified future date. The combination of purchasing the put option and selling the call option results in no net premium being paid (i.e. a costless or zero-cost collar). The foreign currency forwards and options are used in fair value hedging relationships to mitigate the foreign exchange risk associated with U.S. dollar-denominated investments supporting yen-denominated liabilities.
Prior to April 1, 2018, foreign currency forwards and options (through a collar strategy, as discussed above) were used to hedge the currency risk associated with the net investment in Aflac Japan. In these forward transactions, Aflac agreed with another party to buy a fixed amount of U.S. dollars and sell a corresponding amount of yen at a specified price at a specified future date. In the option transactions, the Company used a combination of foreign currency options to protect expected future cash flows by simultaneously purchasing yen put options (options that protect against a weakening yen) and selling yen call options (options that limit participation in a strengthening yen). The combination of these two actions created a zero-cost collar.
The Company enters into foreign currency swaps pursuant to which it exchanges an initial principal amount in one currency for an initial principal amount of another currency, with an agreement to re-exchange the principal amounts at a future date. There may also be periodic exchanges of payments at specified intervals based on the agreed upon rates and notional amounts. Foreign currency swaps are used primarily in the consolidated VIEs in the Company's Aflac Japan portfolio to convert foreign-denominated cash flows to yen, the functional currency of Aflac Japan, in order to minimize cash flow fluctuations. The Company also uses foreign currency swaps to economically convert certain of its U.S. dollar-denominated senior note and subordinated debenture principal and interest obligations into yen-denominated obligations.
In order to reduce investment income volatility from its variable-rate investments, the Company enters into receive–fixed, pay–floating interest rate swaps. These derivatives are cleared and settled through a central clearinghouse.
Swaptions are used to mitigate the adverse impact resulting from significant changes in the fair value of U.S. dollar-denominated available-for-sale securities due to fluctuation in interest rates. In a payer swaption, the Company pays a
27
premium to obtain the right, but not the obligation, to enter into a swap contract where it will pay a fixed rate and receive a floating rate. Interest rate swaption collars are combinations of two swaption positions. In order to maximize the efficiency of the collars while minimizing cost, a collar strategy is used whereby the Company purchases a long payer swaption (the Company purchases an option that allows it to enter into a swap where the Company will pay the fixed rate and receive the floating rate of the swap) and sells a short receiver swaption (the Company sells an option that provides the counterparty with the right to enter into a swap where the Company will receive the fixed rate and pay the floating rate of the swap). The combination of purchasing the long payer swaption and selling the short receiver swaption results in no net premium being paid (i.e. a costless or zero-cost collar).
Derivative Balance Sheet Classification
The table below summarizes the balance sheet classification of the Company's derivative fair value amounts, as well as the gross asset and liability fair value amounts. The fair value amounts presented do not include income accruals. Derivative assets are included in “Other Assets,” while derivative liabilities are included in “Other Liabilities” within the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. The notional amount of derivative contracts represents the basis upon which pay or receive amounts are calculated and are not reflective of exposure or credit risk.
March 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(In millions) | Asset Derivatives | Liability Derivatives | Asset Derivatives | Liability Derivatives | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hedge Designation/ Derivative Type | Notional Amount | Fair Value | Fair Value | Notional Amount | Fair Value | Fair Value | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cash flow hedges: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency swaps - VIE | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total cash flow hedges | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fair value hedges: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency forwards | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency options | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Interest rate swaptions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total fair value hedges | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-qualifying strategies: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency swaps | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency swaps - VIE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency forwards | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency options | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Interest rate swaps | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total non-qualifying strategies | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total derivatives | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cash Flow Hedges
For certain variable-rate U.S. dollar-denominated available-for-sale securities held by Aflac Japan via consolidated VIEs, foreign currency swaps are used to swap the USD variable rate interest and principal payments to fixed rate JPY interest and principal payments. The Company has designated foreign currency swaps as a hedge of the variability in cash flows of a forecasted transaction or of amounts to be received or paid related to a recognized asset (“cash flow” hedge). The remaining maximum length of time for which these cash flows are hedged is eight years. The derivatives in the Company's consolidated VIEs that are not designated as accounting hedges are discussed in the "non-qualifying strategies" section of this note.
Fair Value Hedges
The Company designates and accounts for certain foreign currency forwards, options, and interest rate swaptions as fair value hedges when they meet the requirements for hedge accounting. The Company recognizes gains and losses on these derivatives as well as the offsetting gain or loss on the related hedged items in current earnings.
Foreign currency forwards and options hedge the foreign currency exposure of certain U.S. dollar-denominated available-for-sale fixed-maturity investments held in Aflac Japan. The change in the fair value of the foreign currency forwards related to the changes in the difference between the spot rate and the forward price is excluded from the
28
assessment of hedge effectiveness. The change in fair value of the foreign currency option related to the time value of the option is recognized in current earnings and is excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness.
Interest rate swaptions hedge the interest rate exposure of certain U.S. dollar-denominated available-for-sale securities held in Aflac Japan. For these hedging relationships, the Company excludes time value from the assessment of hedge effectiveness and recognizes changes in the intrinsic value of the swaptions in current earnings within net investment income. The change in the time value of the swaptions is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) and amortized into earnings (net investment income) over its legal term.
Fair Value Hedging Relationships
(In millions) | Hedging Derivatives | Hedged Items | |||||||||||||||||||
Hedging Derivatives | Hedged Items | Total Gains (Losses) | Gains (Losses) Excluded from Effectiveness Testing(1) | Gains (Losses) Included in Effectiveness Testing(2) | Gains (Losses) (2) | Net Realized Gains (Losses) Recognized for Fair Value Hedge | |||||||||||||||
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019: | |||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency forwards | Fixed maturity securities | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | |||||||||||
Foreign currency options | Fixed maturity securities | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Interest rate swaptions | Fixed maturity securities | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Total gains (losses) | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ||||||||||||
Three Months Ended March 31, 2018: | |||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency forwards | Fixed maturity securities | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | |||||||||
Foreign currency options | Fixed maturity securities | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Total gains (losses) | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||||||||||
(1) Gains (losses) excluded from effectiveness testing includes the forward point on foreign currency forwards and time value change on foreign currency options which are reported in the consolidated statement of earnings as realized investment gains (losses). It also includes the change in the fair value of the interest rate swaptions related to the time value of the swaptions which is recognized as a component of other comprehensive income (loss).
(In millions) | Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)(1) | Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Amount of Hedged Assets/(Liabilities) | |||||||||||||||
March 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | March 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity securities | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||
(1) The balance includes hedging adjustment on discontinued hedging relationships of $276 in 2019 and $294 in 2018.
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Net Investment Hedge
The Company's investment in Aflac Japan is affected by changes in the yen/dollar exchange rate. To mitigate this exposure, the Parent Company's yen-denominated liabilities (see Note 8) have been designated as non-derivative hedges and, prior to April 1, 2018, foreign currency forwards and options have been designated as derivative hedges of the foreign currency exposure of the Company's net investment in Aflac Japan.
The Company's net investment hedge was effective during the three-month periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Non-qualifying Strategies
For the Company's derivative instruments in consolidated VIEs that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment, all changes in their fair value are reported in current period earnings within realized investment gains (losses). The amount of gain or loss recognized in earnings for the Company's VIEs is attributable to the derivatives in those investment structures. While the change in value of the swaps is recorded through current period earnings, the change in value of the available-for-sale fixed maturity securities associated with these swaps is recorded through other comprehensive income.
As of March 31, 2019, the Parent Company had cross-currency interest rate swap agreements related to its $350 million senior notes due February 2022, $700 million senior notes due June 2023, $750 million senior notes due November 2024 and $450 million senior notes due March 2025. Changes in the values of these swaps are recorded through current period earnings. For additional information regarding these swaps, see Note 9 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2018 Annual Report.
The Company uses foreign exchange forwards and options to economically mitigate the currency risk of some of its U.S. dollar-denominated loan receivables held within the Aflac Japan segment. These arrangements are not designated as accounting hedges, as the foreign currency remeasurement of the loan receivables impacts current period earnings, and generally offsets gains and losses from foreign exchange forwards within realized investment gains (losses). The Company also has certain foreign exchange forwards on U.S. dollar-denominated AFS securities where hedge accounting is not being applied.
In order to economically mitigate currency risk of future yen dividends from Aflac Japan while lowering consolidated hedge costs associated with Aflac Japan's U.S. dollar investment hedging, the Parent Company entered into offsetting hedge positions using foreign exchange forwards. This activity is reported in the Corporate and other segment.
The Company uses interest rate swaps to economically convert the variable rate investment income to a fixed rate on certain variable-rate investments.
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Impact of Derivatives and Hedging Instruments
Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(In millions) | Net Investment Income Loss (1) | Realized Investment Gains (Losses) | Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)(2) | Net Investment Income Loss (1) | Realized Investment Gains (Losses) | Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)(2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Qualifying hedges: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cash flow hedges: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency swaps - VIE | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Total cash flow hedges | ( | ) | (3 | ) | ( | ) | (3 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fair value hedges: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency forwards(4) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency options(4) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Interest rate swaptions(4) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total fair value hedges | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net investment hedge: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-derivative hedging instruments | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency options | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total net investment hedge | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-qualifying strategies: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency swaps | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency swaps - VIE | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency forwards | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency options | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Interest rate swaps | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total non-qualifying strategies | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
(1) Net investment income (loss) includes net interest on swaps.
(2) Cash flow hedge items and the change in the fair value of interest rate swaptions related to the time value of the swaptions in fair value hedges are recorded as unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives and net investment hedge items are recorded in the unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) line in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss).
The impact on earnings from derivatives in cash flow hedge relationships includes a loss of an immaterial amount during the three-month periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, resulting from reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to net investment income. As of March 31, 2019, deferred gains and losses on derivative instruments recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income that are expected to be reclassified to earnings during the next twelve months were immaterial.
Credit Risk Assumed through Derivatives
For the foreign currency and credit default swaps associated with the Company's VIE investments for which it is the primary beneficiary, the Company bears the risk of loss due to counterparty default even though it is not a direct counterparty to those contracts.
The Company is a direct counterparty to the foreign currency swaps that it has entered into in connection with certain of its senior notes and subordinated debentures; foreign currency forwards; and foreign currency options, and therefore the Company is exposed to credit risk in the event of nonperformance by the counterparties in those contracts. The risk of counterparty default for the Company's foreign currency swaps, certain foreign currency forwards, and foreign currency options is mitigated by collateral posting requirements that counterparties to those transactions must meet.
31
As of March 31, 2019, there were 16 counterparties to the Company's derivative agreements, with four comprising 65 % of the aggregate notional amount. As of March 31, 2019, all counterparties were investment grade.
The Company engages in over-the-counter (OTC) bilateral derivative transactions directly with unaffiliated third parties under International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (ISDA) agreements and other documentation. Most of the ISDA agreements also include Credit Support Annexes (CSAs) provisions, which generally provide for two-way collateral postings at the first dollar of exposure. The Company mitigates the risk that counterparties to transactions might be unable to fulfill their contractual obligations by monitoring counterparty credit exposure and collateral value while generally requiring that collateral be posted at the outset of the transaction. In addition, a significant portion of the derivative transactions have provisions that give the counterparty the right to terminate the transaction upon a downgrade of Aflac’s financial strength rating. The actual amount of payments that the Company could be required to make depends on market conditions, the fair value of outstanding affected transactions, and other factors prevailing at and after the time of the downgrade.
The Company also engages in OTC cleared derivative transactions through regulated central clearing counterparties. These positions are marked to market and margined on a daily basis (both initial margin and variation margin), and the Company has minimal exposure to credit-related losses in the event of nonperformance by counterparties to these derivatives.
Collateral posted by the Company to third parties for derivative transactions can generally be repledged or resold by the counterparties. The aggregate fair value of all derivative instruments with credit-risk-related contingent features that were in a net liability position by counterparty was approximately $133 million and $139 million as of March 31, 2019, and December 31, 2018, respectively. If the credit-risk-related contingent features underlying these agreements had been triggered on March 31, 2019, the Company estimates that it would be required to post a maximum of $23 million of additional collateral to these derivative counterparties. The Company is generally allowed to sell or repledge collateral obtained from its derivative counterparties, although it does not typically exercise such rights. (See the Offsetting tables below for collateral posted or received as of the reported balance sheet dates.)
Offsetting of Financial Instruments and Derivatives
Most of the Company's derivative instruments are subject to enforceable master netting arrangements that provide for the net settlement of all derivative contracts between the Parent Company or its subsidiaries and the respective counterparty in the event of default or upon the occurrence of certain termination events. Collateral support agreements with the master netting arrangements generally provide that the Company will receive or pledge financial collateral at the first dollar of exposure.
The Company has securities lending agreements with unaffiliated financial institutions that post collateral to the Company in return for the use of its fixed maturity and public equity securities (see Note 3). When the Company has entered into securities lending agreements with the same counterparty, the agreements generally provide for net settlement in the event of default by the counterparty. This right of set-off allows the Company to keep and apply collateral received if the counterparty failed to return the securities borrowed from the Company as contractually agreed.
The tables below summarize the Company's derivatives and securities lending transactions, and as reflected in the tables, in accordance with U.S. GAAP, the Company's policy is to not offset these financial instruments in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
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March 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gross Amounts Not Offset in Balance Sheet | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(In millions) | Gross Amount of Recognized Assets | Gross Amount Offset in Balance Sheet | Net Amount of Assets Presented in Balance Sheet | Financial Instruments | Securities Collateral | Cash Collateral Received | Net Amount | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative assets: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative assets subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
OTC - bilateral | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
OTC - cleared | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total derivative assets subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative assets not subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
OTC - bilateral | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total derivative assets not subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total derivative assets | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Securities lending and similar arrangements | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gross Amounts Not Offset in Balance Sheet | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(In millions) | Gross Amount of Recognized Assets | Gross Amount Offset in Balance Sheet | Net Amount of Assets Presented in Balance Sheet | Financial Instruments | Securities Collateral | Cash Collateral Received | Net Amount | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative assets: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative assets subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
OTC - bilateral | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
OTC - cleared | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total derivative assets subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative assets not subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
OTC - bilateral | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total derivative assets not subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total derivative assets | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Securities lending and similar arrangements | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
34
March 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gross Amounts Not Offset in Balance Sheet | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(In millions) | Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities | Gross Amount Offset in Balance Sheet | Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in Balance Sheet | Financial Instruments | Securities Collateral | Cash Collateral Pledged | Net Amount | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative liabilities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative liabilities subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
OTC - bilateral | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total derivative liabilities subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative liabilities not subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
OTC - bilateral | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total derivative liabilities not subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total derivative liabilities | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Securities lending and similar arrangements | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
35
December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gross Amounts Not Offset in Balance Sheet | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(In millions) | Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities | Gross Amount Offset in Balance Sheet | Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in Balance Sheet | Financial Instruments | Securities Collateral | Cash Collateral Pledged | Net Amount | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative liabilities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative liabilities subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
OTC - bilateral | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total derivative liabilities subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative liabilities not subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
OTC - bilateral | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total derivative liabilities not subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total derivative liabilities | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Securities lending and similar arrangements | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
5. |
Fair Value Hierarchy
U.S. GAAP specifies a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the inputs to those valuation techniques are observable or unobservable. These two types of inputs create three valuation hierarchy levels. Level 1 valuations reflect quoted market prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. Level 2 valuations reflect quoted market prices for similar assets or liabilities in an active market, quoted market prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in non-active markets or model-derived valuations in which all significant valuation inputs are observable in active markets. Level 3 valuations reflect valuations in which one or more of the significant inputs are not observable in an active market.
36
March 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
(In millions) | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Total Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||
Assets: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Securities available for sale, carried at fair value: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity securities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Government and agencies | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
Municipalities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Public utilities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Sovereign and supranational | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Banks/financial institutions | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Other corporate | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Total fixed maturity securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Equity securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Other investments | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Other assets: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency swaps | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency forwards | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Interest rate swaps | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Total other assets | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Total assets | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
Liabilities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Other liabilities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency swaps | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency forwards | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency options | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Interest rate swaptions | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Total liabilities | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
37
December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
(In millions) | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Total Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||
Assets: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Securities available for sale, carried at fair value: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity securities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Government and agencies | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
Municipalities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Public utilities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Sovereign and supranational | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Banks/financial institutions | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Other corporate | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Total fixed maturity securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Equity securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Other investments | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Other assets: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency swaps | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency forwards | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency options | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Interest rate swaps | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Total other assets | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Total assets | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
Liabilities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Other liabilities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency swaps | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency forwards | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency options | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Interest rate swaptions | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Total liabilities | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
38
March 31, 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(In millions) | Carrying Value | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Total Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Assets: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Securities held to maturity, carried at amortized cost: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity securities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Government and agencies | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Municipalities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mortgage and asset-backed securities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Public utilities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sovereign and supranational | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Banks/financial institutions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other corporate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage and other loans | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other investments (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total assets | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Liabilities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other policyholders’ funds | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Notes payable (excluding leases) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total liabilities | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
(1) Excludes policy loans of $236 and equity method investments of $434 , at carrying value
39
December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(In millions) | Carrying Value | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Total Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Assets: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Securities held to maturity, carried at amortized cost: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity securities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Government and agencies | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Municipalities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mortgage and asset-backed securities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Public utilities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sovereign and supranational | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Banks/financial institutions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other corporate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage and other loans | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other investments (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total assets | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Liabilities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other policyholders’ funds | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Notes payable (excluding leases) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total liabilities | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Fixed maturity and equity securities
The Company determines the fair values of fixed maturity securities and public and privately-issued equity securities using the following approaches or techniques: price quotes and valuations from third party pricing vendors (including quoted market prices readily available from public exchange markets) and non-binding price quotes the Company obtains from outside brokers.
A third party pricing vendor has developed valuation models to determine fair values of privately issued securities to reflect the impact of the persistent economic environment and the changing regulatory framework. These models are discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation models, but also use information from related markets, specifically the CDS market to estimate expected cash flows. These models take into consideration any unique characteristics of the securities and make various adjustments to arrive at an appropriate issuer-specific loss adjusted credit curve. This credit curve is then used with the relevant recovery rates to estimate expected cash flows and modeling of additional features, including illiquidity adjustments, if necessary, to price the security by discounting those loss adjusted cash flows. In cases where a credit curve cannot be developed from the specific security features, the valuation methodology takes into consideration other market observable inputs, including: 1) the most appropriate comparable security(ies) of the issuer; 2) issuer-specific CDS spreads; 3) bonds or CDS spreads of comparable issuers with similar characteristics such as rating, geography, or sector; or 4) bond indices that are comparative in rating, industry, maturity and region.
The pricing data and market quotes the Company obtains from outside sources, including third party pricing services, are reviewed internally for reasonableness. If a fair value appears unreasonable, the Company will re-examine the inputs and assess the reasonableness of the pricing data with the vendor. Additionally, the Company may compare the inputs to relevant market indices and other performance measurements. Based on management's analysis, the valuation is
40
confirmed or may be revised if there is evidence of a more appropriate estimate of fair value based on available market data. The Company has performed verification of the inputs and calculations in any valuation models to confirm that the valuations represent reasonable estimates of fair value.
The fixed maturity securities classified as Level 3 consist of securities with limited or no observable valuation inputs. For Level 3 securities, the Company estimates the fair value of these securities by obtaining non-binding broker quotes from a limited number of brokers. These brokers base their quotes on a combination of their knowledge of the current pricing environment and market conditions. The Company considers these inputs to be unobservable. The Company also considers a variety of significant valuation inputs in the valuation process, including forward exchange rates, yen swap rates, dollar swap rates, interest rate volatilities, credit spread data on specific issuers, assumed default and default recovery rates, and certain probability assumptions. In obtaining these valuation inputs, the Company has determined that certain pricing assumptions and data used by its pricing sources are difficult to validate or corroborate by the market and/or appear to be internally developed rather than observed in or corroborated by the market. The use of these unobservable valuation inputs causes more subjectivity in the valuation process for these securities.
For the periods presented, the Company has not adjusted the quotes or prices it obtains from the pricing services and brokers it uses.
41
March 31, 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
(In millions) | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Total Fair Value | ||||||||||||||||||||
Securities available for sale, carried at fair value: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity securities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Government and agencies: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Third party pricing vendor | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Total government and agencies | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Municipalities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Third party pricing vendor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total municipalities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Third party pricing vendor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Broker/other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total mortgage- and asset-backed securities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Public utilities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Third party pricing vendor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Broker/other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total public utilities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sovereign and supranational: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Third party pricing vendor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total sovereign and supranational | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Banks/financial institutions: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Third party pricing vendor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Broker/other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total banks/financial institutions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other corporate: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Third party pricing vendor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Broker/other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total other corporate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total securities available for sale | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Equity securities, carried at fair value: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Third party pricing vendor | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Broker/other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total equity securities | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
42
March 31, 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
(In millions) | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Total Fair Value | ||||||||||||||||||||
Securities held to maturity, carried at amortized cost: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity securities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Government and agencies: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Third party pricing vendor | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Total government and agencies | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Municipalities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Third party pricing vendor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total municipalities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Third party pricing vendor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Broker/other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total mortgage- and asset-backed securities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Public utilities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Third party pricing vendor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total public utilities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sovereign and supranational: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Third party pricing vendor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total sovereign and supranational | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Banks/financial institutions: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Third party pricing vendor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total banks/financial institutions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other corporate: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Third party pricing vendor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total other corporate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total securities held to maturity | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
43
December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
(In millions) | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Total Fair Value | ||||||||||||||||||||
Securities available for sale, carried at fair value: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity securities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Government and agencies: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Third party pricing vendor | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Total government and agencies | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Municipalities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Third party pricing vendor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total municipalities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Third party pricing vendor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Broker/other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total mortgage- and asset-backed securities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Public utilities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Third party pricing vendor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Broker/other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total public utilities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sovereign and supranational: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Third party pricing vendor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total sovereign and supranational | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Banks/financial institutions: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Third party pricing vendor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Broker/other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total banks/financial institutions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other corporate: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Third party pricing vendor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Broker/other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total other corporate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total securities available for sale | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Equity securities, carried at fair value: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Third party pricing vendor | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Broker/other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total equity securities | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
44
December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
(In millions) | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Total Fair Value | ||||||||||||||||||||
Securities held to maturity, carried at amortized cost: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity securities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Government and agencies: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Third party pricing vendor | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Total government and agencies | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Municipalities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Third party pricing vendor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total municipalities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Broker/other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total mortgage- and asset-backed securities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Public utilities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Third party pricing vendor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total public utilities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sovereign and supranational: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Third party pricing vendor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total sovereign and supranational | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Banks/financial institutions: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Third party pricing vendor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total banks/financial institutions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other corporate: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Third party pricing vendor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total other corporate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total securities held to maturity | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
The following is a discussion of the determination of fair value of the Company's remaining financial instruments.
Derivatives
The Company uses derivative instruments to manage the risk associated with certain assets. However, the derivative instrument may not be classified in the same fair value hierarchy level as the associated asset. The Company uses pricing models to determine the estimated fair value of derivatives. Inputs used to value derivatives include, but are not limited to, interest rates, credit spreads, foreign currency forward and spot rates, and interest volatility. The significant inputs to pricing derivatives are generally observable in the market or can be derived by observable market data. When these inputs are observable, the derivatives are classified as Level 2.
The fair values of the foreign currency forwards and options associated with certain investments; the foreign currency forwards and options used to hedge foreign exchange risk from the Company's net investment in Aflac Japan and economically hedge certain portions of forecasted cash flows denominated in yen; and the foreign currency swaps associated with certain senior notes are based on the amounts the Company would expect to receive or pay. The determination of the fair value of these derivatives is based on observable market inputs, therefore they are classified as Level 2.
To determine the fair value of its interest rate derivatives, the Company uses inputs that are generally observable in the market or can be derived from observable market data. Interest rate swaps are cleared trades. In a cleared swap contract, the clearinghouse provides benefits to the counterparties similar to contracts listed for investment traded on an exchange since it maintains a daily margin to mitigate counterparties' credit risk. These derivatives are priced using
45
observable inputs, accordingly, they are classified as Level 2. For its interest rate swaptions, the Company estimates their fair values using observable market data, including interest rate curves and volatilities. Their fair values are also classified as Level 2.
For derivatives associated with VIEs where the Company is the primary beneficiary, the Company is not the direct counterparty to the swap contracts. As a result, the fair value measurements incorporate the credit risk of the collateral associated with the VIE. The Company receives valuations from a third party pricing vendor for these derivatives. Based on an analysis of these derivatives and a review of the methodology employed by the pricing vendor, the Company determined that due to the long duration of these swaps and the need to extrapolate from short-term observable data to derive and measure long-term inputs, certain inputs, assumptions and judgments are required to value future cash flows that cannot be corroborated by current inputs or current observable market data. As a result, the derivatives associated with the Company's consolidated VIEs are classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
Commercial mortgage and other loans
Commercial mortgage and other loans include transitional real estate loans, commercial mortgage loans and middle market loans. The Company's loan receivables do not have readily determinable market prices and generally lack market liquidity. Fair values for loan receivables are determined based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the applicable U.S. Treasury or London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) yield plus an appropriate spread that considers other risk factors, such as credit and liquidity risk. These spreads are provided by the applicable asset managers based on their knowledge of the current loan pricing environment and market conditions. The spreads are a significant component of the pricing inputs and are generally considered unobservable. Therefore, these investments have been assigned a Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy.
Other investments
Other investments includes short-term investments that are measured at fair value where amortized cost approximates fair value.
Other policyholders' funds
The largest component of the other policyholders' funds liability is the Company's annuity line of business in Aflac Japan. The Company's annuities have fixed benefits and premiums. For this product, the Company estimates the fair value to be equal to the cash surrender value. This is analogous to the value paid to policyholders on the valuation date if they were to surrender their policy. The Company periodically checks the cash value against discounted cash flow projections for reasonableness. The Company considers its inputs for this valuation to be unobservable and have accordingly classified this valuation as Level 3.
Notes payable
46
During the three-month periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, there were no transfers between Level 1 and 2 for assets and liabilities that are measured and carried at fair value on a recurring basis.
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed Maturity Securities | Equity Securities | Derivatives (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(In millions) | Mortgage- and Asset- Backed Securities | Public Utilities | Banks/ Financial Institutions | Other Corporate | Foreign Currency Swaps | Credit Default Swaps | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balance, beginning of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Realized investment gains (losses) included in earnings | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Unrealized gains (losses) included in other comprehensive income (loss) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Purchases, issuances, sales and settlements: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Purchases | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Issuances | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sales | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Settlements | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Transfers into Level 3 | (2) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Transfers out of Level 3 | ( | ) | (2) | ( | ) | (3) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balance, end of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) relating to Level 3 assets and liabilities still held at the end of the period included in earnings | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
(1) Derivative assets and liabilities are presented net
(2) Transfer due to sector classification change
(3) Transfer due to availability of observable market inputs
Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed Maturity Securities | Equity Securities | Derivatives (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(In millions) | Mortgage- and Asset- Backed Securities | Public Utilities | Banks/ Financial Institutions | Other Corporate | Foreign Currency Swaps | Credit Default Swaps | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balance, beginning of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Realized investment gains (losses) included in earnings | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Unrealized gains (losses) included in other comprehensive income (loss) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Purchases, issuances, sales and settlements: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Purchases | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Issuances | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sales | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Settlements | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Transfers into Level 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Transfers out of Level 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balance, end of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) relating to Level 3 assets and liabilities still held at the end of the period included in earnings | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
47
The following tables summarize the significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation of the Company's Level 3 investments and derivatives carried at fair value. Included in the tables are the inputs or range of possible inputs that have an effect on the overall valuation of the financial instruments.
March 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||
(In millions) | Fair Value | Valuation Technique(s) | Unobservable Input | Range (Weighted Average) | |||||||||
Assets: | |||||||||||||
Securities available for sale, carried at fair value: | |||||||||||||
Fixed maturity securities: | |||||||||||||
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities | $ | Consensus pricing | Offered quotes | N/A | (a) | ||||||||
Public utilities | Discounted cash flow | Credit spreads | N/A | (a) | |||||||||
Banks/financial institutions | Consensus pricing | Offered quotes | N/A | (a) | |||||||||
Other corporate | Discounted cash flow | Credit spreads | N/A | (a) | |||||||||
Equity securities | Net asset value | Offered quotes | N/A | (a) | |||||||||
Other assets: | |||||||||||||
Foreign currency swaps | Discounted cash flow | Interest rates (USD) | 2.48% - 2.66% | (b) | |||||||||
Interest rates (JPY) | .13% - .57% | (c) | |||||||||||
CDS spreads | 13 - 109 bps | ||||||||||||
Discounted cash flow | Interest rates (USD) | 2.48% - 2.66% | (b) | ||||||||||
Interest rates (JPY) | .13% - .57% | (c) | |||||||||||
Total assets | $ | ||||||||||||
Liabilities: | |||||||||||||
Other liabilities: | |||||||||||||
Foreign currency swaps | $ | Discounted cash flow | Interest rates (USD) | 2.48% - 2.66% | (b) | ||||||||
Interest rates (JPY) | .13% - .57% | (c) | |||||||||||
CDS spreads | 30 - 187 bps | ||||||||||||
Discounted cash flow | Interest rates (USD) | 2.48% - 2.66% | (b) | ||||||||||
Interest rates (JPY) | .13% - .57% | (c) | |||||||||||
Total liabilities | $ | ||||||||||||
(a) N/A represents securities where the Company receives unadjusted broker quotes and for which there is no transparency into the providers' valuation techniques or unobservable inputs.
(b) Inputs derived from U.S. long-term rates to accommodate long maturity nature of the Company's swaps
48
December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||
(In millions) | Fair Value | Valuation Technique(s) | Unobservable Input | Range (Weighted Average) | |||||||||
Assets: | |||||||||||||
Securities available for sale, carried at fair value: | |||||||||||||
Fixed maturity securities: | |||||||||||||
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities | $ | Consensus pricing | Offered quotes | N/A | (a) | ||||||||
Public utilities | Discounted cash flow | Credit spreads | N/A | (a) | |||||||||
Banks/financial institutions | Consensus pricing | Offered quotes | N/A | (a) | |||||||||
Other corporate | Discounted cash flow | Credit spreads | N/A | (a) | |||||||||
Equity securities | Net asset value | Offered quotes | N/A | (a) | |||||||||
Other assets: | |||||||||||||
Foreign currency swaps | Discounted cash flow | Interest rates (USD) | 2.75% - 2.84% | (b) | |||||||||
Interest rates (JPY) | .18% - .71% | (c) | |||||||||||
CDS spreads | 19 - 120 bps | ||||||||||||
Discounted cash flow | Interest rates (USD) | 2.75% - 2.84% | (b) | ||||||||||
Interest rates (JPY) | .18% - .71% | (c) | |||||||||||
Total assets | $ | ||||||||||||
Liabilities: | |||||||||||||
Other liabilities: | |||||||||||||
Foreign currency swaps | $ | Discounted cash flow | Interest rates (USD) | 2.75% - 2.84% | (b) | ||||||||
Interest rates (JPY) | .18% - .71% | (c) | |||||||||||
CDS spreads | 28 - 211 bps | ||||||||||||
Discounted cash flow | Interest rates (USD) | 2.75% - 2.84% | (b) | ||||||||||
Interest rates (JPY) | .18% - .71% | (c) | |||||||||||
Total liabilities | $ | ||||||||||||
(a) N/A represents securities where the Company receives unadjusted broker quotes and for which there is no transparency into the providers' valuation techniques or unobservable inputs.
(b) Inputs derived from U.S. long-term rates to accommodate long maturity nature of the Company's swaps
49
Net Asset Value
The Company holds certain unlisted equity securities whose fair value is derived based on the financial statements published by the investee. These securities do not trade on an active market and the valuations derived are dependent on the availability of timely financial reporting of the investee. Net asset value is an unobservable input in the determination of fair value of equity securities.
Offered Quotes
In circumstances where the Company's valuation model price is overridden because it implies a value that is not consistent with current market conditions, the Company will solicit bids from a limited number of brokers. The Company also receives unadjusted prices from brokers for its mortgage and asset-backed securities. These quotes are non-binding but are reflective of valuation best estimates at that particular point in time. Offered quotes are an unobservable input in the determination of fair value of mortgage- and asset-backed securities, certain banks/financial institutions, certain other corporate, and equity securities investments.
Interest Rates and CDS Spreads
The significant drivers of the valuation of the interest and foreign exchange swaps are interest rates and CDS spreads. Some of the Company's swaps have long maturities that increase the sensitivity of the swaps to interest rate fluctuations. For the Company's foreign exchange or cross currency swaps that are in a net asset position, an increase in yen interest rates (all other factors held constant) will decrease the present value of the yen final settlement receivable (receive leg), thus decreasing the value of the swap as long as the derivative remains in a net asset position.
Foreign exchange swaps also have a lump-sum final settlement of foreign exchange principal amounts at the termination of the swap. Assuming all other factors are held constant, an increase in yen interest rates will decrease the receive leg and decrease the net value of the swap. Likewise, holding all other factors constant, an increase in U.S. dollar interest rates will increase the swap's net value due to the decrease in the present value of the dollar final settlement payable (pay leg).
The extinguisher feature in most of the Company's VIE swaps results in a cessation of cash flows and no further payments between the parties to the swap in the event of a default on the referenced or underlying collateral. To price this feature, the Company applies the survival probability of the referenced entity to the projected cash flows. The survival probability uses the CDS spreads and recovery rates to adjust the present value of the cash flows. For extinguisher swaps with positive values, an increase in CDS spreads decreases the likelihood of receiving the final exchange payments and reduces the value of the swap.
6. |
50
Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||||
(In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | ||||||||
Unpaid supplemental health claims, beginning of period | $ | $ | ||||||||
Less reinsurance recoverables | ||||||||||
Net balance, beginning of period | ||||||||||
Add claims incurred during the period related to: | ||||||||||
Current year | ||||||||||
Prior years | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
Total incurred | ||||||||||
Less claims paid during the period on claims incurred during: | ||||||||||
Current year | ||||||||||
Prior years | ||||||||||
Total paid | ||||||||||
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on unpaid claims | ||||||||||
Net balance, end of period | ||||||||||
Add reinsurance recoverables | ||||||||||
Unpaid supplemental health claims, end of period | ||||||||||
Unpaid life claims, end of period | ||||||||||
Total liability for unpaid policy claims | $ | $ | ||||||||
The incurred claims development related to prior years reflects favorable claims experience compared to previous estimates. The favorable claims development of $167 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2019 comprises approximately $91 million from Japan, which represents approximately 54 % of the total. The impact of foreign currency exchange for the period December 31, 2018 to March 31, 2019 was immaterial.
The Company has experienced continued favorable claim trends in 2019 for its core health products in Japan. The Company's experience in Japan related to the average length of stay in the hospital for cancer treatment has shown continued decline in the current period. In addition, cancer treatment patterns in Japan are continuing to be influenced by significant advances in early-detection techniques and by the increased use of pathological diagnosis rather than clinical exams. Additionally, follow-up radiation and chemotherapy treatments are occurring more often on an outpatient basis. Such changes in treatment not only increase the quality of life and initial outcomes for the patients, but also decrease the average length of each hospital stay, resulting in favorable claims development.
7. |
The Company periodically enters into fixed quota-share coinsurance agreements with other companies in the normal course of business. For each of its reinsurance agreements, the Company determines whether the agreement provides indemnification against loss or liability relating to insurance risk in accordance with applicable accounting standards. Reinsurance premiums and benefits paid or provided are accounted for on bases consistent with those used in accounting for the original policies issued and the terms of the reinsurance contracts. Premiums and benefits are reported net of insurance ceded.
The Company has recorded a deferred profit liability related to reinsurance transactions. The remaining deferred profit liability of $1.0 billion, as of March 31, 2019, is included in future policy benefits in the consolidated balance sheet and is being amortized into income over the expected lives of the policies. The Company has also recorded a reinsurance recoverable for reinsurance transactions, which is included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheet and had a remaining balance of $944 million and $941 million as of March 31, 2019, and December 31, 2018, respectively. The increase in the reinsurance recoverable balance was driven by the growth in reserves related to the business that has been reinsured as the policies age. The ceded reserves increased approximately .3 % from December 31, 2018, to March 31, 2019.
51
Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||
(In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | |||||||||
Direct premium income | $ | $ | |||||||||
Ceded to other companies: | |||||||||||
Ceded Aflac Japan closed blocks | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Other | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Assumed from other companies: | |||||||||||
Retrocession activities | |||||||||||
Other | |||||||||||
Net premium income | $ | $ | |||||||||
Direct benefits and claims | $ | $ | |||||||||
Ceded benefits and change in reserves for future benefits: | |||||||||||
Ceded Aflac Japan closed blocks | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Eliminations | |||||||||||
Other | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Assumed from other companies: | |||||||||||
Retrocession activities | |||||||||||
Eliminations | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Benefits and claims, net | $ | $ | |||||||||
These reinsurance transactions are indemnity reinsurance that do not relieve the Company from its obligations to policyholders. In the event that the reinsurer is unable to meet their obligations, the Company remains liable for the reinsured claims.
8. |
52
(In millions) | March 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | |||||||||
4.00% senior notes due February 2022 | $ | $ | |||||||||
3.625% senior notes due June 2023 | |||||||||||
3.625% senior notes due November 2024 | |||||||||||
3.25% senior notes due March 2025 | |||||||||||
2.875% senior notes due October 2026 | |||||||||||
6.90% senior notes due December 2039 | |||||||||||
6.45% senior notes due August 2040 | |||||||||||
4.00% senior notes due October 2046 | |||||||||||
4.750% senior notes due January 2049 | |||||||||||
Yen-denominated senior notes and subordinated debentures: | |||||||||||
.932% senior notes due January 2027 (principal amount 60.0 billion yen) | |||||||||||
1.159% senior notes due October 2030 (principal amount 29.3 billion yen) | |||||||||||
1.488% senior notes due October 2033 (principal amount 15.2 billion yen) | |||||||||||
1.750% senior notes due October 2038 (principal amount 8.9 billion yen) | |||||||||||
2.108% subordinated debentures due October 2047 (principal amount 60.0 billion yen) | |||||||||||
Yen-denominated loans: | |||||||||||
Variable interest rate loan due September 2021 (.32% in 2019 and 2018, principal amount 5.0 billion yen) | |||||||||||
Variable interest rate loan due September 2023 (.47% in 2019 and 2018, principal amount 25.0 billion yen) | |||||||||||
Finance lease obligations payable through 2025 | |||||||||||
Operating lease obligations payable through 2028 (1) | |||||||||||
Total notes payable and lease obligations | $ | $ | |||||||||
(1) See Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the adoption of accounting guidance on January 1, 2019 related to leases.
March 31, 2019 | |||||||||||
(In millions) | Operating Leases | Finance Leases | Total | ||||||||
2019 | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
2020 | |||||||||||
2021 | |||||||||||
2022 | |||||||||||
2023 | |||||||||||
After 2023 | |||||||||||
Total lease payments | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
Less: Interest | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
Present value of lease liabilities | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
53
March 31, 2019 | ||
Weighted average remaining lease term (years): | ||
Operating leases | ||
Finance leases | ||
Weighted average discount rate: | ||
Operating leases | % | |
Finance leases | % | |
54
Borrower | Type | Term | Expiration Date | Capacity | Amount Outstanding | Interest Rate on Borrowed Amount | Maturity Period | Commitment Fee | Business Purpose |
Aflac Incorporated and Aflac | uncommitted bilateral | 364 days | December 27, 2019 | $100 million | $0 million | Up to 3 months | None | General corporate purposes | |
Aflac Incorporated | unsecured revolving | 5 years | March 29, 2024, or the date commitments are terminated pursuant to an event of default | 100.0 billion yen | 0.0 billion yen | No later than March 29, 2024 | .30% to .50%, depending on the Parent Company's debt ratings as of the date of determination | General corporate purposes, including a capital contingency plan for the operations of the Parent Company | |
Aflac Incorporated and Aflac | unsecured revolving | 5 years | April 4, 2023, or the date commitments are terminated pursuant to an event of default | 55.0 billion yen, or the equivalent amount in U.S. dollars | 0.0 billion yen | No later than April 4, 2023 | .085% to .225%, depending on the Parent Company's debt ratings as of the date of determination | General corporate purposes, including a capital contingency plan for the operations of the Parent Company | |
Aflac Incorporated and Aflac | uncommitted bilateral | None specified | None specified | $50 million | $0 million | Up to 3 months | None | General corporate purposes | |
Aflac(1) | uncommitted revolving | 364 days | November 29, 2019 | $250 million | $0 million | 3 months | None | General corporate purposes | |
Aflac Incorporated(1) | uncommitted revolving | 364 days | April 2, 2019 (2) | 50.0 billion yen | 0.0 billion yen | 3 months | None | General corporate purposes | |
(1) Intercompany credit agreement
(2) Renewed in April 2019 with an expiration date of April 2, 2020
The Company was in compliance with all of the covenants of its notes payable and lines of credit at March 31, 2019. No events of default or defaults occurred during the three-month period ended March 31, 2019.
55
9. |
(In thousands of shares) | 2019 | 2018 | |||
Common stock - issued: | |||||
Balance, beginning of period | |||||
Exercise of stock options and issuance of restricted shares | |||||
Balance, end of period | |||||
Treasury stock: | |||||
Balance, beginning of period | |||||
Purchases of treasury stock: | |||||
Open market | |||||
Other | |||||
Dispositions of treasury stock: | |||||
Shares issued to AFL Stock Plan | ( | ) | ( | ) | |
Exercise of stock options | ( | ) | ( | ) | |
Other | ( | ) | ( | ) | |
Balance, end of period | |||||
Shares outstanding, end of period | |||||
Outstanding share-based awards are excluded from the calculation of weighted-average shares used in the computation of basic earnings per share (EPS). The following table presents the approximate number of share-based awards to purchase shares, on a weighted-average basis, that were considered to be anti-dilutive and were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share for the following periods.
Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||
(In thousands) | 2019 | 2018 | |||||||
Anti-dilutive share-based awards | |||||||||
Share Repurchase Program
During the first three months of 2019, the Company repurchased 10.2 million shares of its common stock in the open market for $490 million as part of its share repurchase program. During the first three months of 2018, the Company repurchased 6.6 million shares of its common stock in the open market for $296 million as part of its share repurchase program. As of March 31, 2019, a remaining balance of 58.8 million shares of the Company's common stock was available for purchase under share repurchase authorizations by its board of directors.
56
The tables below are reconciliations of accumulated other comprehensive income by component for the following periods.
Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(In millions) | Unrealized Foreign Currency Translation Gains (Losses) | Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investment Securities | Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Derivatives | Pension Liability Adjustment | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balance, beginning of period | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balance, end of period | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ||||||||||||||||||
All amounts in the table above are net of tax.
Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(In millions) | Unrealized Foreign Currency Translation Gains (Losses) | Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investment Securities | Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Derivatives | Pension Liability Adjustment | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balance, beginning of period | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Balance, end of period | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ||||||||||||||||||
(1) Includes amounts reclassified due to changes in accounting principles of $(148 ) related to financial instruments and $374 related to
57
Reclassifications Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
(In millions) | Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 | |||||
Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Components | Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Affected Line Item in the Statements of Earnings | ||||
Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities | $ | Other-than-temporary impairment losses realized | ||||
Other gains (losses) | ||||||
Total before tax | ||||||
( | ) | Tax (expense) or benefit(1) | ||||
$ | Net of tax | |||||
Amortization of defined benefit pension items: | ||||||
Actuarial gains (losses) | $ | ( | ) | Acquisition and operating expenses(2) | ||
Prior service (cost) credit | Acquisition and operating expenses(2) | |||||
Tax (expense) or benefit(1) | ||||||
$ | ( | ) | Net of tax | |||
Total reclassifications for the period | $ | Net of tax | ||||
(1) Based on 25 % blended tax rate
(2) These accumulated other comprehensive income components are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost (see Note 11 for additional details).
(In millions) | Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 | |||||
Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Components | Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Affected Line Item in the Statements of Earnings | ||||
Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities | $ | Other-than-temporary impairment losses realized | ||||
Other gains (losses) | ||||||
Total before tax | ||||||
( | ) | Tax (expense) or benefit(1) | ||||
$ | Net of tax | |||||
Amortization of defined benefit pension items: | ||||||
Actuarial gains (losses) | $ | ( | ) | Acquisition and operating expenses(2) | ||
Prior service (cost) credit | Acquisition and operating expenses(2) | |||||
Tax (expense) or benefit(1) | ||||||
$ | ( | ) | Net of tax | |||
Total reclassifications for the period | $ | ( | ) | Net of tax | ||
(1) Based on 27 % blended tax rate
10. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
As of March 31, 2019, the Company has outstanding share-based awards under the Aflac Incorporated Long-Term Incentive Plan (the Plan). Share-based awards are designed to reward employees for their long-term contributions to the Company and provide incentives for them to remain with the Company. The number and frequency of share-based awards are based on competitive practices, operating results of the Company, government regulations, and other factors.
The Plan, as amended on February 14, 2017, allows for a maximum number of shares issuable over its term of 75 million shares including 38 million shares that may be awarded in respect of awards other than options or stock
58
appreciation rights. If any awards granted under the Plan are forfeited or are terminated before being exercised or settled for any reason other than tax forfeiture, then the shares underlying the awards will again be available under the Plan.
The Plan allows awards to Company employees for incentive stock options (ISOs), non-qualifying stock options (NQSOs), restricted stock, restricted stock units, and stock appreciation rights. Non-employee directors are eligible for grants of NQSOs, restricted stock, and stock appreciation rights. As of March 31, 2019, approximately 39.4 million shares were available for future grants under this plan. The ISOs and NQSOs have a term of 10 years, and the share-based awards generally vest upon time-based conditions or time and performance-based conditions. Time-based vesting generally occurs after three years . Performance-based vesting conditions generally include the attainment of goals related to Company financial performance. As of March 31, 2019, the only performance-based awards issued and outstanding were restricted stock awards.
Stock options and stock appreciation rights granted under the amended Plan have an exercise price of at least the fair market value of the underlying stock on the grant date and have an expiration date no later than 10 years from the grant date. Time-based restricted stock awards, restricted stock units and stock options granted after January 1, 2017 generally vest on a ratable basis over three years , and awards granted prior to the amendment vest on a three years cliff basis. The Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors has the discretion to determine vesting schedules.
Share-based awards granted to U.S.-based grantees are settled with authorized but unissued Company stock, while those issued to Japan-based grantees are settled with treasury shares.
Stock Option Shares (in thousands) | Weighted-Average Remaining Term (in years) | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions) | Weighted-Average Exercise Price Per Share | |||||||||||||||||
Outstanding | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||
Exercisable | ||||||||||||||||||||
The Company received cash from the exercise of stock options in the amount of $17 million during the first three months of 2019, compared with $23 million in the first three months of 2018. The tax benefit realized as a result of stock option exercises and restricted stock releases was $22 million in the first three months of 2019, compared with $12 million in the first three months of 2018.
As of March 31, 2019, total compensation cost not yet recognized in the Company's financial statements related to restricted stock awards was $70 million, of which $33 million (824 thousand shares) was related to restricted stock awards with a performance-based vesting condition. The Company expects to recognize these amounts over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.4 years. There are no other contractual terms covering restricted stock awards once vested.
(In thousands of shares) | Shares | Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value Per Share | |||||||
Restricted stock at December 31, 2018 | $ | ||||||||
Granted in 2019 | |||||||||
Canceled in 2019 | ( | ) | |||||||
Vested in 2019 | ( | ) | |||||||
Restricted stock at March 31, 2019 | $ | ||||||||
In February 2019, the Company granted 399 thousand performance-based stock awards, which are contingent on the achievement of the Company's financial performance metrics and its market-based conditions. On the date of grant, the Company estimated the fair value of restricted stock awards with market-based conditions using a Monte Carlo simulation model. The model discounts the value of the stock at the assumed vesting date based on the risk-free interest rate. Based on estimates of actual performance versus the vesting thresholds, the calculated fair value percentage pay-out estimate will be updated each quarter.
59
The Company uses third-party analyses to assist in developing the assumptions used in, as well as calibrating, a Monte Carlo simulation model. The Company is responsible for determining the assumptions used in estimating the fair value of its share-based payment awards.
11. |
The Company has funded defined benefit plans in Japan and the United States, however the U.S. plan was frozen to new participants effective October 1, 2013. The Company also maintains non-qualified, unfunded supplemental retirement plans that provide defined pension benefits in excess of limits imposed by federal tax law for certain Japanese, U.S. and former employees, however the U.S. plan was frozen to new participants effective January 1, 2015. U.S. employees who are not participants in the defined benefit plan receive a nonelective 401(k) employer contribution.
The Company provides certain health care benefits for eligible U.S. retired employees, their beneficiaries and covered dependents (other postretirement benefits). The health care plan is contributory and unfunded. Effective January 1, 2014, employees eligible for benefits included the following: (1) active employees whose age plus service, in years, equaled or exceeded 80 (rule of 80 ); (2) active employees who were age 55 or older and have met the 15 years of service requirement; (3) active employees who would meet the rule of 80 in the next 5 years; (4) active employees who were age 55 or older and who would meet the 15 years of service requirement within the next 5 years; and (5) current retirees. For certain employees and former employees, additional coverage is provided for all medical expenses for life.
Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pension Benefits | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japan | U.S. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
(In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | 2019 | 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Components of net periodic benefit cost: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Service cost | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Interest cost | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Expected return on plan assets | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Amortization of net actuarial loss | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net periodic (benefit) cost | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
During the three months ended March 31, 2019, Aflac Japan contributed approximately $9 million (using the weighted-average yen/dollar exchange rate for the three-month period ending March 31, 2019) to the Japanese funded defined benefit plan, and Aflac U.S. contributed $10 million to the U.S. funded defined benefit plan.
12. |
Effective for 2019, the Company entered into an outsourcing agreement with an information technology and data services company to provide application maintenance and development services for its Japanese operation. As of March 31, 2019, the agreement has a remaining term of five years and an aggregate remaining cost of 9.7 billion yen ($87 million using the March 31, 2019, exchange rate).
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The Company is a defendant in various lawsuits considered to be in the normal course of business. Members of the Company's senior legal and financial management teams review litigation on a quarterly and annual basis. The final results of any litigation cannot be predicted with certainty. Although some of this litigation is pending in states where large punitive damages, bearing little relation to the actual damages sustained by plaintiffs, have been awarded in recent years, the Company believes the outcome of pending litigation will not have a material adverse effect on its financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.
See Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for details on certain investment commitments.
Guaranty Fund Assessments
The United States insurance industry has a policyholder protection system that is monitored and regulated by state insurance departments. These life and health insurance guaranty associations are state entities (in all 50 states as well as Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia) created to protect policyholders of an insolvent insurance company. All insurance companies (with limited exceptions) licensed to sell life or health insurance in a state must be members of that state’s guaranty association. Under state guaranty association laws, certain insurance companies can be assessed (up to prescribed limits) for certain obligations to the policyholders and claimants of impaired or insolvent insurance companies that write the same line or similar lines of business.
In 2009, the Pennsylvania Insurance Commissioner placed long-term care insurer Penn Treaty Network America Insurance Company and its subsidiary American Network Insurance Company (collectively referred to as Penn Treaty), neither of which is affiliated with Aflac, in rehabilitation and petitioned a state court for approval to liquidate Penn Treaty. A final order of liquidation was granted by a recognized judicial authority on March 1, 2017, and as a result, Penn Treaty is in the process of liquidation. The Company estimated and recognized the impact of its share of guaranty fund assessments resulting from the liquidation using a discounted rate of 4.25 %. The Company recognized a discounted liability for the assessments of $62 million (undiscounted $94 million), offset by discounted premium tax credits of $48 million (undiscounted $74 million), for a net $14 million impact to net income in the quarter ended March 31, 2017. The Company paid a majority of these assessments by March 31, 2019. The Company used the cost estimate provided as of the liquidation date by the National Organization of Life and Health Guaranty Associations (NOLHGA) to calculate its estimated assessments and tax credits.
13. |
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION
The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a “safe harbor” to encourage companies to provide prospective information, so long as those informational statements are identified as forward-looking and are accompanied by meaningful cautionary statements identifying important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those included in the forward-looking statements. The Company desires to take advantage of these provisions. This report contains cautionary statements identifying important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected herein, and in any other statements made by Company officials in communications with the financial community and contained in documents filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Forward-looking statements are not based on historical information and relate to future operations, strategies, financial results or other developments. Furthermore, forward-looking information is subject to numerous assumptions, risks and uncertainties. In particular, statements containing words such as the following or similar words as well as specific projections of future results, generally qualify as forward-looking. Aflac undertakes no obligation to update such forward-looking statements.
• expect | • anticipate | • believe | • goal | • objective |
• may | • should | • estimate | • intends | • projects |
• will | • assumes | • potential | • target | • outlook |
The Company cautions readers that the following factors, in addition to other factors mentioned from time to time, could cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by the forward-looking statements:
• | difficult conditions in global capital markets and the economy |
• | exposure to significant interest rate risk |
• | concentration of business in Japan |
• | foreign currency fluctuations in the yen/dollar exchange rate |
• | limited availability of acceptable yen-denominated investments |
• | U.S. tax audit risk related to conversion of the Japan branch to a subsidiary |
• | deviations in actual experience from pricing and reserving assumptions |
• | ability to continue to develop and implement improvements in information technology systems |
• | competitive environment and ability to anticipate and respond to market trends |
• | ability to protect the Aflac brand and the Company's reputation |
• | ability to attract and retain qualified sales associates, brokers, employees, and distribution partners |
• | interruption in telecommunication, information technology and other operational systems, or a failure to maintain the security, confidentiality or privacy of sensitive data residing on such systems |
• | failure to comply with restrictions on patient privacy and information security |
• | extensive regulation and changes in law or regulation by governmental authorities |
• | tax rates applicable to the Company may change |
• | defaults and credit downgrades of investments |
• | decline in creditworthiness of other financial institutions |
• | significant valuation judgments in determination of amount of impairments taken on the Company's investments |
• | subsidiaries' ability to pay dividends to the Parent Company |
• | decreases in the Company's financial strength or debt ratings |
• | inherent limitations to risk management policies and procedures |
• | concentration of the Company's investments in any particular single-issuer or sector |
• | differing judgments applied to investment valuations |
• | ability to effectively manage key executive succession |
• | catastrophic events including, but not necessarily limited to, epidemics, pandemics, tornadoes, hurricanes, earthquakes, tsunamis, war or other military action, terrorism or other acts of violence, and damage incidental to such events |
• | changes in accounting standards |
• | increased expenses and reduced profitability resulting from changes in assumptions for pension and other postretirement benefit plans |
• | level and outcome of litigation |
• | allegations or determinations of worker misclassification in the United States |
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MD&A OVERVIEW
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) is intended to inform the reader about matters affecting the financial condition and results of operations of Aflac Incorporated and its subsidiaries for the three-month period ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results for the entire year. As a result, the following discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes that are included in the Company's annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 (2018 Annual Report). This MD&A is divided into the following sections:
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THE COMPANY'S BUSINESS
Aflac Incorporated (the Parent Company) and its subsidiaries (collectively, the Company) primarily sell supplemental health and life insurance in the United States and Japan. The Company's insurance business is marketed and administered through American Family Life Assurance Company of Columbus (Aflac) in the United States and, effective April 1, 2018, through Aflac Life Insurance Japan Ltd. (ALIJ) in Japan. Prior to April 1, 2018, the Company's insurance business was marketed in Japan as a branch of Aflac. (For more information about the conversion of Aflac Japan to a legal subsidiary, see the Insurance Operations subsection of this MD&A). The Company’s operations consist of two reportable business segments: Aflac U.S., which includes Aflac, and Aflac Japan, which includes ALIJ. American Family Life Assurance Company of New York (Aflac New York) is a wholly owned subsidiary of Aflac. Most of Aflac’s policies are individually underwritten and marketed through independent agents. Additionally, Aflac U.S. markets and administers group products through Continental American Insurance Company (CAIC), branded as Aflac Group Insurance. The Company's insurance operations in the United States and Japan service the two markets for the Company's insurance business.
PERFORMANCE HIGHLIGHTS
Yen-denominated income statement accounts are translated to U.S. dollars using a weighted-average Japanese yen/U.S. dollar foreign exchange rate, while yen-denominated balance sheet accounts are translated to U.S. dollars using a spot Japanese yen/U.S. dollar foreign exchange rate(1). The spot yen/dollar exchange rate at March 31, 2019 was 110.99, relatively unchanged from the the spot yen/dollar exchange rate of 111.00 at December 31, 2018. The weighted-average yen/dollar exchange rate for the three-month period ended March 31, 2019 was 110.24, or 2.0% weaker than the weighted-average yen/dollar exchange rate of 108.05 for the same period in 2018.
Total revenues were $5.7 billion in the first quarter of 2019, compared with $5.5 billion in the first quarter of 2018. Net earnings were $928 million, or $1.23 per diluted share in the first quarter of 2019, compared with $717 million, or $.91 per diluted share, in the first quarter of 2018.
Results in the first three months of 2019 included pretax net realized investment gains of $71 million, compared with net realized investment losses of $134 million in the first three months of 2018. Net investment gains in the first three months of 2019 included $2 million of other-than-temporary impairment losses and changes in loan loss reserves and $2 million in net losses from derivatives and foreign currency gains or losses. The Company reported net gains on equity securities of $58 million in the first three months of 2019.
In the first three months of 2019, the Company repurchased 10.2 million shares of its common stock in the open market for $490 million under its share repurchase program.
(1) Yen/U.S. dollar exchange rates are based on the published MUFG Bank, Ltd. telegraphic middle rate (TTM).
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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
The Company prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). These principles are established primarily by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). In this MD&A, references to U.S. GAAP issued by the FASB are derived from the FASB Accounting Standards Codification™ (ASC). The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires the Company to make estimates based on currently available information when recording transactions resulting from business operations. The estimates that the Company deems to be most critical to an understanding of Aflac’s results of operations and financial condition are those related to the valuation of investments and derivatives, deferred policy acquisition costs (DAC), liabilities for future policy benefits and unpaid policy claims, and income taxes. The preparation and evaluation of these critical accounting estimates involve the use of various assumptions developed from management’s analyses and judgments. The application of these critical accounting estimates determines the values at which 94% of the Company's assets and 81% of its liabilities are reported as of March 31, 2019, and thus has a direct effect on net earnings and shareholders’ equity. Subsequent experience or use of other assumptions could produce significantly different results.
There have been no changes in the items that the Company has identified as critical accounting estimates during the three months ended March 31, 2019. For additional information, see the Critical Accounting Estimates section of MD&A included in the 2018 Annual Report.
New Accounting Pronouncements
For information on new accounting pronouncements and the impact, if any, on the Company's financial position or results of operations, see Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion includes references to the Company's performance measures, adjusted earnings, adjusted earnings per diluted share, and amortized hedge costs/income, which are not calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP. These measures exclude items that the Company believes may obscure the underlying fundamentals and trends in the Company's insurance operations because they tend to be driven by general economic conditions and events or related to infrequent activities not directly associated with its insurance operations. The Company's management uses adjusted earnings and adjusted earnings per diluted share to evaluate the financial performance of its insurance operations on a consolidated basis, and the Company believes that a presentation of these measures is vitally important to an understanding of its underlying profitability drivers and trends of its insurance business. The Company believes that amortized hedge costs/income, which are a component of adjusted earnings, measure the periodic currency risk management costs/income related to hedging certain foreign currency exchange risks and are an important component of net investment income.
Aflac defines adjusted earnings (a non-U.S. GAAP financial measure) as the profits derived from operations. The most comparative U.S. GAAP measure is net earnings. Adjusted earnings are adjusted revenues less benefits and adjusted expenses. The adjustments to both revenues and expenses account for certain items that cannot be predicted or that are outside management’s control. Adjusted revenues are U.S. GAAP total revenues excluding realized investment gains and losses, except for amortized hedge costs/income related to foreign currency exposure management strategies and net interest cash flows from derivatives associated with certain investment strategies. Adjusted expenses are U.S. GAAP total acquisition and operating expenses including the impact of interest cash flows from derivatives associated with notes payable but excluding any nonrecurring or other items not associated with the normal course of the Company’s insurance operations and that do not reflect Aflac’s underlying business performance.
The Company defines adjusted earnings per share (basic or diluted) to be adjusted earnings for the period divided by the weighted average outstanding shares (basic or diluted) for the period presented. The most comparable U.S. GAAP measure is net earnings per share.
Amortized hedge costs/income represent costs/income incurred or recognized in using foreign currency forward contracts to hedge certain foreign exchange risks in the Company's Japan segment (costs) or in the Corporate and Other segment (income). These amortized hedge costs/income are derived from the difference between the foreign currency spot rate at time of trade inception and the contractual foreign currency forward rate, recognized on a straight line basis over the term of the hedge. There is no comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure for amortized hedge costs/income.
Because a significant portion of the Company's business is conducted in Japan and foreign exchange rates are outside of management’s control, the Company believes it is important to understand the impact of translating Japanese
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yen into U.S. dollars. Adjusted earnings and adjusted earnings per diluted share excluding current period foreign currency impact are computed using the average yen/dollar exchange rate for the comparable prior year period, which eliminates fluctuations driven solely by yen-to-dollar currency rate changes.
The following table is a reconciliation of items impacting adjusted earnings and adjusted earnings per diluted share to the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measures of net earnings and net earnings per diluted share, respectively.
Reconciliation of Net Earnings to Adjusted Earnings(1)
In Millions | Per Diluted Share | |||||||||||||||||
Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2019 | 2018 | |||||||||||||||
Net earnings | $ | 928 | $ | 717 | $ | 1.23 | $ | .91 | ||||||||||
Items impacting net earnings: | ||||||||||||||||||
Realized investment (gains) losses (2),(3),(4),(5) | (103 | ) | 98 | (.14 | ) | .13 | ||||||||||||
Other and non-recurring (income) loss | 0 | 29 | .00 | .04 | ||||||||||||||
Income tax (benefit) expense on items excluded from adjusted earnings | 23 | (24 | ) | .03 | (.03 | ) | ||||||||||||
Adjusted earnings | 849 | 821 | 1.12 | 1.05 | ||||||||||||||
Current period foreign currency impact (6) | 8 | N/A | .01 | N/A | ||||||||||||||
Adjusted earnings excluding current period foreign currency impact (7) | $ | 857 | $ | 821 | $ | 1.13 | $ | 1.05 | ||||||||||
(1) Amounts may not foot due to rounding.
(2) Amortized hedge costs of $62 and $55 for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2019, and 2018, respectively, related to certain foreign currency exposure management strategies have been reclassified from realized investment gains (losses) and included in adjusted earnings as a decrease to net investment income. See "Hedge Costs/Income" discussion below for further information.
(3) Amortized hedge income of $20 and $2 for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, related to certain foreign currency exposure management strategies have been reclassified from realized investment gains (losses) and included in adjusted earnings as an increase to net investment income. See "Hedge Costs/Income" discussion below for further information.
(4) Net interest cash flows from derivatives associated with certain investment strategies of $(7) for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2019 and an immaterial amount in 2018, respectively, have been reclassified from realized investment gains (losses) and included in adjusted earnings as a component of net investment income.
(5) A gain of $17 and $17 for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, related to the interest rate component of the change in fair value of foreign currency swaps on notes payable have been reclassified from realized investment gains (losses) and included in adjusted earnings as a component of net investment income.
(6) Prior period foreign currency impact reflected as “N/A” to isolate change for current period only.
(7) Amounts excluding current period foreign currency impact are computed using the average yen/dollar exchange rate for the comparable prior-year period, which eliminates fluctuations driven solely by yen-to-dollar currency rate changes.
Realized Investment Gains and Losses
The Company's investment strategy is to invest primarily in fixed maturity securities to provide a reliable stream of investment income, which is one of the drivers of the Company’s growth and profitability. This investment strategy incorporates asset-liability matching (ALM) to align the expected cash flows of the portfolio to the needs of the Company's liability structure. The Company does not purchase securities with the intent of generating capital gains or losses. However, investment gains and losses may be realized as a result of changes in the financial markets and the creditworthiness of specific issuers, tax planning strategies, and/or general portfolio management and rebalancing. The realization of investment gains and losses is independent of the underwriting and administration of the Company's insurance products. Realized investment gains and losses include securities transactions, impairments, changes in loan loss reserves, derivative and foreign currency activities and changes in fair value of equity securities.
Securities Transactions, Impairments, and Gains (Losses) on Equity Securities
Securities transactions include gains and losses from sales and redemptions of investments where the amount received is different from the amortized cost of the investment. Impairments include other-than-temporary-impairment losses on investment securities as well as changes in loan loss reserves for loan receivables. Starting in the first quarter of 2018, gains and losses from changes in fair value of equity securities are recorded in earnings.
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Certain Derivative and Foreign Currency Gains (Losses)
The Company's derivative activities include foreign currency forwards and options on certain fixed maturity securities; foreign currency forwards and options that economically hedge certain portions of forecasted cash flows denominated in yen and hedge the Company's long-term exposure to a weakening yen; foreign currency swaps associated with certain senior notes and subordinated debentures; foreign currency swaps and credit defaults swaps held in consolidated VIEs; interest rate swaps used to economically hedge interest rate fluctuations in certain variable-rate investments; and interest rate swaptions to hedge changes in the fair value associated with interest rate changes for certain dollar-denominated available-for-sale securities. Gains and losses are recognized as a result of valuing these derivatives, net of the effects of hedge accounting. The Company also excludes the accounting impacts of remeasurement associated with changes in the yen/dollar exchange rate from adjusted earnings. Amortized hedge costs/income related to certain foreign currency exposure management strategies (see Amortized Hedge Cost/Income section below), and net interest cash flows from derivatives associated with certain investment strategies and notes payable are reclassified from realized investment gains (losses) and included in adjusted earnings.
Amortized Hedge Costs/Income
Adjusted earnings includes the impact of amortized hedge costs/income. Amortized hedge costs/income represent costs/income incurred or recognized in using foreign currency forward contracts to hedge certain foreign currency exchange risks in the company's Japan segment (costs) or in the Corporate and Other segment (income). These amortized hedge costs/income are derived from the difference between the foreign currency spot rate at time of trade inception and the contractual foreign currency forward rate, recognized on a straight line basis over the term of the hedge. There is no comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure for amortized hedge costs/income.
Amortized hedge costs/income can fluctuate based upon many factors, including the derivative notional amount, the length of time of the derivative contract, changes in both U.S. and Japan interest rates, and supply and demand for dollar funding. Amortized hedge costs and income have increased in recent periods due to changes in the previously mentioned factors. For additional information regarding foreign currency hedging, refer to Hedging Activities in the Analysis of Financial Condition section of this MD&A.
For additional information regarding realized investment gains and losses, including details of reported amounts for the periods presented, see Notes 3 and 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Other and Non-recurring Items
The United States insurance industry has a policyholder protection system that provides funds for the policyholders of insolvent insurers. The system can result in periodic charges to the Company as a result of insolvencies/bankruptcies that occur with other companies in the life insurance industry. Some states permit member insurers to recover assessments paid through full or partial premium tax offsets. These charges neither relate to the ordinary course of the Company’s business nor reflect the Company’s underlying business performance, but result from external situations not controlled by the Company. The Company excludes any charges associated with U.S. guaranty fund assessments and the corresponding tax benefit or expense from adjusted earnings.
In Japan, the government also requires the insurance industry to contribute to a policyholder protection corporation that provides funds for the policyholders of insolvent insurers; however, these costs are calculated and administered differently than in the United States. In Japan, these costs are not directly related to specific insolvencies or bankruptcies, but are rather a regular operational cost for an insurance company. Based on this structure, the Company does not remove the Japan policyholder protection expenses from adjusted earnings.
Nonrecurring items also include conversion costs related to legally converting the Company's Japan business to a subsidiary; these costs primarily consist of expenditures for legal, accounting, consulting, integration of systems and processes and other similar services. These Japan branch conversion costs were an immaterial amount and $29 million for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
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Foreign Currency Translation
Aflac Japan’s premiums and a significant portion of its investment income are received in yen, and its claims and most expenses are paid in yen. Aflac Japan purchases yen-denominated assets and U.S. dollar-denominated assets, which may be hedged to yen, to support yen-denominated policy liabilities. These and other yen-denominated financial statement items are, however, translated into dollars for financial reporting purposes. The Company translates Aflac Japan’s yen-denominated income statement into dollars using the average exchange rate for the reporting period, and the Company translates its yen-denominated balance sheet using the exchange rate at the end of the period.
Due to the size of Aflac Japan, whose functional currency is the Japanese yen, fluctuations in the yen/dollar exchange rate can have a significant effect on the Company's reported results. In periods when the yen weakens, translating yen into dollars results in fewer dollars being reported. When the yen strengthens, translating yen into dollars results in more dollars being reported. Consequently, yen weakening has the effect of suppressing current period results in relation to the comparable prior period, while yen strengthening has the effect of magnifying current period results in relation to the comparable prior period. Management evaluates the Company's financial performance both including and excluding the impact of foreign currency translation to monitor, respectively, cumulative currency impacts on book value and the currency-neutral operating performance over time.
Income Taxes
The Company's combined U.S. and Japanese effective income tax rate on pretax earnings was 25.3% for the three-month period ended March 31, 2019, compared with 27.0% for the same period in 2018. This combined effective tax rate differs from the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to foreign earnings taxed at different rates. For further information, see Critical Accounting Estimates - Income Taxes section of the MD&A in the 2018 Annual Report.
INSURANCE OPERATIONS
U.S. GAAP financial reporting requires that a company report financial and descriptive information about operating segments in its annual and interim period financial statements. Furthermore, the Company is required to report a measure of segment profit or loss, certain revenue and expense items, and segment assets. Aflac's insurance business consists of two segments: Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. Aflac Japan is the principal contributor to consolidated earnings. Businesses that are not individually reportable, such as the Parent Company, and business activities, including reinsurance retrocession activities, not included in Aflac Japan or Aflac U.S. are included in the Corporate and other segment. See the Item 1. Business section of the Company's 2018 Annual Report for a summary of each segment's products and distribution channels, and a discussion of the conversion of Aflac Japan from a branch to a subsidiary and the creation of asset management subsidiaries in 2018.
The Company evaluates its premium growth and sales efforts using the following performance measures:
• | Annualized premiums in force is defined as the amount of gross premium that a policyholder must pay over a full year in order to keep coverage. The growth of net premiums (defined below) is directly affected by the change in premiums in force and by the change in weighted-average yen/dollar exchange rates. |
• | New annualized premium sales (sometimes referred to as new sales or sales) is an operating measure that is not reflected on the Company's financial statements. New annualized premium sales generally represents annual premiums on policies the Company sold and incremental increases from policy conversions, collected over a 12-month period, assuming the policies remain in force. For Aflac Japan, new annualized premium sales are determined by applications submitted during the reporting period. For Aflac U.S., new annualized premium sales are determined by applications that are issued during the reporting period. Policy conversions are defined as the positive difference in the annualized premium when a policy upgrades in the current reporting period. |
• | Net premiums (sometimes referred to as net premium income or net earned premium) is a financial measure that appears on the Company's Consolidated Statement of Earnings and in segment reporting. This measure reflects collected or due premiums that have been earned ratably on policies in force during the reporting period, reduced by premiums that have been ceded to third parties and increased by premiums assumed through reinsurance. |
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AFLAC JAPAN SEGMENT
Aflac Japan Pretax Adjusted Earnings
Aflac defines pretax adjusted earnings, a non-U.S. GAAP financial measure, as adjusted earnings before the application of income taxes. See the Results of Operations section of this MD&A for the Company's definition of adjusted earnings and a reconciliation of adjusted earnings to the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure of net earnings.
Changes in Aflac Japan’s pretax adjusted earnings and profit margins are primarily affected by morbidity, mortality, expenses, persistency and investment yields. The following table presents a summary of operating results for Aflac Japan.
Aflac Japan Summary of Operating Results
Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||
(In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | ||||||
Net premium income | $ | 3,180 | $ | 3,263 | ||||
Net investment income: | ||||||||
Yen-denominated investment income | 317 | 331 | ||||||
U.S. dollar-denominated investment income | 355 | 312 | ||||||
Net investment income | 672 | 643 | ||||||
Amortized hedge costs related to certain foreign currency exposure management strategies | 62 | 55 | ||||||
Net investment income, less amortized hedge costs | 610 | 588 | ||||||
Other income (loss) | 12 | 12 | ||||||
Total adjusted revenues | 3,802 | 3,863 | ||||||
Benefits and claims, net | 2,199 | 2,294 | ||||||
Adjusted expenses: | ||||||||
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs | 182 | 168 | ||||||
Insurance commissions | 182 | 190 | ||||||
Insurance and other expenses | 405 | 393 | ||||||
Total adjusted expenses | 769 | 751 | ||||||
Total benefits and adjusted expenses | 2,968 | 3,045 | ||||||
Pretax adjusted earnings | $ | 834 | $ | 818 | ||||
Weighted-average yen/dollar exchange rate | 110.24 | 108.05 | ||||||
In Dollars | In Yen | |||||||||||
Percentage change over previous period: | Three Months Ended March 31, | Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2019 | 2018 | |||||||||
Net premium income | (2.5 | )% | 2.2 | % | (.8 | )% | (2.6 | )% | ||||
Net investment income, less amortized hedge costs | 3.7 | 5.6 | 5.4 | .0 | ||||||||
Total adjusted revenues | (1.6 | ) | 2.7 | .1 | (2.2 | ) | ||||||
Pretax adjusted earnings | 2.0 | 6.4 | 3.9 | .9 | ||||||||
In yen terms, Aflac Japan's net premium income decreased for the three-month period ended March 31, 2019 as a result of growth in third sector premium more than offset by the anticipated decrease in first sector premium as savings products reached premium paid-up status. Net investment income, net of amortized hedge costs, increased largely due to higher income from U.S. dollar-denominated floating rate assets. Pretax adjusted earnings in yen increased, driven by higher net investment income and a favorable third sector benefit ratio.
Annualized premiums in force decreased 1.7% to 1.52 trillion yen as of March 31, 2019, compared with 1.54 trillion yen as of March 31, 2018. The decrease in annualized premiums in force in yen was driven primarily by limited-pay policies becoming paid-up during the year. Annualized premiums in force, translated into dollars at respective period-end exchange rates, were $13.7 billion at March 31, 2019, compared with $14.5 billion a year ago.
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Aflac Japan's investment portfolios include U.S. dollar-denominated securities and reverse-dual currency securities (yen-denominated debt securities with dollar coupon payments). In years when the yen strengthens in relation to the dollar, translating Aflac Japan's U.S. dollar-denominated investment income into yen lowers growth rates for net investment income, total adjusted revenues, and pretax adjusted earnings in yen terms. In years when the yen weakens, translating U.S. dollar-denominated investment income into yen magnifies growth rates for net investment income, total adjusted revenues, and pretax adjusted earnings in yen terms.
The following table illustrates the effect of translating Aflac Japan’s U.S. dollar-denominated investment income and related items into yen by comparing certain segment results with those that would have been reported had dollar/yen exchange rates remained unchanged from the comparable period in the prior year. Amounts excluding foreign currency impact on U.S. dollar denominated investment income were determined using the average dollar/yen exchange rate for the comparable prior year period.
Aflac Japan Percentage Changes Over Previous Period
(Yen Operating Results)
For the Periods Ended March 31,
Including Foreign Currency Changes | Excluding Foreign Currency Changes(1) | ||||||||||||
Three Months | Three Months | ||||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2019 | 2018 | ||||||||||
Net investment income, less amortized hedge costs | 5.4 | % | .0 | % | 4.2 | % | 2.7 | % | |||||
Total adjusted revenues | .1 | (2.2 | ) | .0 | (1.8 | ) | |||||||
Pretax adjusted earnings | 3.9 | .9 | 3.1 | 2.7 | |||||||||
(1)Amounts excluding foreign currency impact on U.S. dollar-denominated investment income (a non-U.S. GAAP financial measure) were determined using the same yen/dollar exchange rate for the current period as the comparable period in the prior year.
The following table presents a summary of operating ratios in yen terms for Aflac Japan.
Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||
Ratios to total adjusted revenues: | 2019 | 2018 | ||||
Benefits and claims, net | 57.8 | % | 59.4 | % | ||
Adjusted expenses: | ||||||
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs | 4.8 | 4.4 | ||||
Insurance commissions | 4.8 | 4.9 | ||||
Insurance and other expenses | 10.6 | 10.2 | ||||
Total adjusted expenses | 20.2 | 19.5 | ||||
Pretax adjusted earnings | 21.9 | 21.1 | ||||
Ratios to total premiums: | ||||||
Benefits and claims, net | 69.1 | % | 70.3 | % | ||
Adjusted expenses: | ||||||
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs | 5.7 | 5.2 | ||||
In the three-month period ended March 31, 2019, the benefit ratio decreased, compared with the same respective period in the prior year, primarily due to the continued change in mix of first and third sector business as first sector products become paid-up, as well as continued favorable trends for the Company's core health products in Japan, and higher surrender rates for the cancer products. In the three-month period ended March 31, 2019, the adjusted expense ratio increased due to higher DAC amortization resulting from the increase of surrender for cancer products and higher expenses for advanced technology implementation. In total, the pretax adjusted profit margin (calculated by dividing adjusted earnings by adjusted revenues) increased in the three-month period ended March 31, 2019, reflecting the decrease in the benefit ratio partially offset by a smaller increase in the expense ratio. For the full year of 2019, the Company anticipates the Aflac Japan pretax adjusted profit margin to remain stable.
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Aflac Japan Sales
The following table presents Aflac Japan’s new annualized premium sales for the periods ended March 31.
In Dollars | In Yen | |||||||||||||
Three Months | Three Months | |||||||||||||
(In millions of dollars and billions of yen) | 2019 | 2018 | 2019 | 2018 | ||||||||||
New annualized premium sales | $ | 171 | $ | 178 | 18.8 | 19.2 | ||||||||
Increase (decrease) over prior period | (4.0 | )% | (8.6 | )% | (2.0 | )% | (13.0 | )% | ||||||
The following table details the contributions to Aflac Japan's new annualized premium sales by major insurance product for the periods ended March 31.
Three Months | |||||||
2019 | 2018 | ||||||
Cancer | 59.3 | % | 55.5 | % | |||
Medical | 30.0 | 34.0 | |||||
Income support | 1.4 | 2.1 | |||||
Ordinary life: | |||||||
WAYS | .5 | .5 | |||||
Child endowment | .3 | .5 | |||||
Other ordinary life (1) | 8.0 | 6.3 | |||||
Other | .5 | 1.1 | |||||
Total | 100.0 | % | 100.0 | % | |||
(1) Includes term and whole life
The foundation of Aflac Japan's product portfolio has been, and continues to be, third sector products, which include cancer, medical and Income Support insurance products. Sales of third sector products on a yen basis decreased 3.2% in the first quarter of 2019, compared with the same respective period in 2018. Aflac Japan has been focusing more on promotion of cancer and medical insurance products in this low-interest-rate environment. These products are less interest-rate sensitive and more profitable compared to first sector savings products. With continued cost pressure on Japan’s health care system, the Company expects the need for third sector products will continue to rise in the future and that the medical and cancer insurance products Aflac Japan provides will continue to be an important part of its product portfolio.
Independent corporate agencies and individual agencies contributed 46.1% of total new annualized premium sales for Aflac Japan in the first quarter of 2019, compared with 43.3% for the same period in 2018. Affiliated corporate agencies, which include Japan Post, contributed 49.4% of total new annualized premium sales in the first quarter of 2019, compared with 52.0% in the first quarter of 2018. Japan Post offers Aflac's cancer insurance products in more than 20,000 post offices. The Company believes this alliance with Japan Post has and will further benefit its cancer insurance sales. During the three-month period ended March 31, 2019, Aflac Japan recruited 20 new sales agencies. At March 31, 2019, Aflac Japan was represented by more than 9,600 sales agencies, with approximately 108,000 licensed sales associates employed by those agencies.
At March 31, 2019, Aflac Japan had agreements to sell its products at 369 banks, approximately 90% of the total number of banks in Japan. Bank channel sales accounted for 4.5% of new annualized premium sales in the first quarter of 2019 for Aflac Japan, compared with 4.7% during the first quarter of 2018.
Strategic Alliance with Japan Post Holdings
On December 19, 2018, the Parent Company and Aflac Japan entered into the Basic Agreement with Japan Post Holdings. Pursuant to the terms of the Basic Agreement, Japan Post Holdings agreed to form a capital relationship with the Parent Company, and Japan Post Holdings and Aflac Japan agreed to reconfirm existing initiatives regarding cancer insurance and to consider new joint initiatives, including leveraging digital technology in various processes, cooperation in new product development to promote customer-centric business management, cooperation in domestic and/or overseas business expansion and joint investment in third party entities and cooperation regarding asset management.
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Pursuant to the terms of the Shareholders Agreement a voting trust established and funded by Japan Post Holdings (Trust) will use commercially reasonable efforts to acquire, through open market or private block purchases, ownership of approximately 7% of the outstanding shares of the Parent Company’s outstanding common stock within a year after the Trust begins acquiring such stock. The Trust has agreed not to own more than 10% of the Parent Company’s outstanding shares for a period expiring on the earlier of four years after the Trust acquires 7% of such shares, five years after it acquires 5% of such shares, or ten years after the Trust begins acquiring the Parent Company’s stock. After expiration of such period, the Trust has agreed not to own more than the greater of 10% of the Parent Company’s outstanding shares or such shares representing 22.5% of the voting rights in the Parent Company.
In light of the fact that the shares acquired by the Trust, like all Aflac Incorporated common shares, will be eligible for 10-for-1 voting rights after being held for 48 consecutive months, the Shareholders Agreement further provides for voting restrictions that effectively limit the trustee’s voting rights to no more than 20% of the voting rights in the Parent Company and further restrict the trustee’s voting rights with respect to certain change in control transactions. Japan Post Holdings will not have a Board seat on the Parent Company’s Board of Directors and will not have rights to control, manage or intervene in the management of the Parent Company.
This strategic investment is subject to certain regulatory approvals in Japan and the U.S. The Company anticipates that regulatory approvals will be received in the second half of 2019.
Aflac Japan Investments
The level of investment income in yen is affected by available cash flow from operations, the timing of investing the cash flow, yields on new investments, the effect of yen/dollar exchange rates on U.S. dollar-denominated investment income, and other factors.
As part of the Company's portfolio management and asset allocation process, Aflac Japan invests in yen and U.S. dollar-denominated investments. Yen-denominated investments primarily consist of JGBs and public and private fixed maturity securities. Aflac Japan's U.S. dollar-denominated investments include fixed maturity investments and growth assets, including public equity securities and alternative investments in limited partnerships or similar investment vehicles. Aflac Japan has been investing in both publicly-traded and privately originated U.S. dollar-denominated investment-grade and below-investment-grade fixed maturity securities and loan receivables, and has entered into foreign currency forwards and options to hedge the currency risk on the fair value of a portion of the U.S. dollar investments.
The following table details the investment purchases for Aflac Japan.
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Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||
(In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | ||||||
Yen-denominated: | ||||||||
Fixed maturity securities: | ||||||||
Japan government and agencies | $ | 583 | $ | 3,187 | ||||
Private placements | 424 | 162 | ||||||
Other fixed maturity securities | 249 | 250 | ||||||
Equity securities | 108 | 99 | ||||||
Total yen-denominated | $ | 1,364 | $ | 3,698 | ||||
U.S. dollar-denominated: | ||||||||
Fixed maturity securities: | ||||||||
Other fixed maturity securities | $ | 668 | $ | 40 | ||||
Bank loans | 0 | 180 | ||||||
Equity securities | 27 | 41 | ||||||
Commercial mortgage and other loans: | ||||||||
Transitional real estate loans | 323 | 1,570 | ||||||
Commercial mortgage loans | 0 | 13 | ||||||
Middle market loans | 376 | 117 | ||||||
Other investments | 41 | 127 | ||||||
Total dollar-denominated | $ | 1,435 | $ | 2,088 | ||||
Total Aflac Japan purchases | $ | 2,799 | $ | 5,786 | ||||
See the Analysis of Financial Condition section of this MD&A for further discussion of these investment programs, and see Notes 3 and 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes 1, 3 and 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2018 Annual Report for more information regarding loans and loan receivables.
The following table presents the results of Aflac Japan’s investment yields for the periods ended March 31.
Three Months | |||||||||
2019 | 2018 | ||||||||
Total purchases for the period (in millions) (1) | $ | 2,758 | $ | 5,659 | |||||
New money yield (1), (2) | 3.29 | % | 2.54 | % | |||||
Return on average invested assets (3) | 2.32 | 2.26 | |||||||
Portfolio book yield, including U.S. dollar-denominated investments, end of period (1) | 2.61 | % | 2.55 | % | |||||
(1) Includes fixed maturity securities, commercial mortgage and other loans, equity securities, and excludes alternative investments in limited partnerships
(2) Reported on a gross yield basis; excludes investment expenses, external management fees, and amortized hedge costs
(3) Net of investment expenses and amortized hedge costs, year-to-date number reflected on a quarterly average basis
The increase in the Aflac Japan new money yield in the three-month period ended March 31, 2019 was primarily due to increased allocations to higher yielding U.S. dollar-denominated asset classes.
See Notes 3, 4 and 5 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements and the Analysis of Financial Condition section of this MD&A for additional information on the Company's investments and hedging strategies.
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AFLAC U.S. SEGMENT
Aflac U.S. Pretax Adjusted Earnings
Aflac defines pretax adjusted earnings, a non-U.S. GAAP financial measure, as adjusted earnings before the application of income taxes. See the Results of Operations section of this MD&A for the Company's definition of adjusted earnings and a reconciliation of adjusted earnings to the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure of net earnings.
Changes in Aflac U.S. pretax adjusted earnings and profit margins are primarily affected by morbidity, mortality, expenses, persistency and investment yields. The following table presents a summary of operating results for Aflac U.S.
Aflac U.S. Summary of Operating Results
Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||
(In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | ||||||
Net premium income | $ | 1,461 | $ | 1,427 | ||||
Net investment income | 177 | 175 | ||||||
Other income | 2 | 2 | ||||||
Total adjusted revenues | 1,640 | 1,604 | ||||||
Benefits and claims | 721 | 697 | ||||||
Adjusted expenses: | ||||||||
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs | 159 | 146 | ||||||
Insurance commissions | 149 | 147 | ||||||
Insurance and other expenses | 288 | 277 | ||||||
Total adjusted expenses | 596 | 570 | ||||||
Total benefits and adjusted expenses | 1,317 | 1,267 | ||||||
Pretax adjusted earnings | $ | 323 | $ | 337 | ||||
Percentage change over previous period: | ||||||||
Net premium income | 2.4 | % | 2.7 | % | ||||
Net investment income | 1.1 | (1.7 | ) | |||||
Total adjusted revenues | 2.2 | 2.2 | ||||||
Pretax adjusted earnings | (4.2 | ) | 8.7 | |||||
Annualized premiums in force increased 2.7% to $6.2 billion at March 31, 2019, compared with $6.0 billion at March 31, 2018.
The following table presents a summary of operating ratios for Aflac U.S.
Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||
Ratios to total adjusted revenues: | 2019 | 2018 | |||
Benefits and claims | 44.0 | % | 43.5 | % | |
Adjusted expenses: | |||||
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs | 9.7 | 9.1 | |||
Insurance commissions | 9.0 | 9.2 | |||
Insurance and other expenses | 17.6 | 17.3 | |||
Total adjusted expenses | 36.3 | 35.6 | |||
Pretax adjusted earnings | 19.7 | 21.0 | |||
Ratios to total premiums: | |||||
Benefits and claims | 49.3 | % | 48.8 | % | |
Adjusted expenses: | |||||
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs | 10.9 | 10.2 | |||
For the three-month period ended March 31, 2019, the benefit ratio increased compared with the same period in 2018. The adjusted expense ratio increased for the three-month period ended March 31, 2019, when compared to the
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same period in 2018, primarily due to spending increases reflecting ongoing investments in the U.S. platform, distribution, and customer experience. The pretax adjusted profit margin declined when compared to the same period in 2018 due to the higher benefit and expense ratios. (Note that all of these ratios-to-revenue reflect reduced net investment income due to the Company's planned drawdown of excess capital to lower Risk-Based Capital (RBC) ratios. See the Capital Resources and Liquidity section of this MD&A for further discussion of the planned reduction of RBC.)
Aflac U.S. Sales
The following table presents Aflac's U.S. new annualized premium sales for the periods ended March 31.
Three Months | ||||||||||
(In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | ||||||||
New annualized premium sales | $ | 340 | $ | 335 | ||||||
Increase (decrease) over prior period | 1.5 | % | .6 | % | ||||||
The following table details the contributions to Aflac's U.S. new annualized premium sales by major insurance product category for the periods ended March 31.
Three Months | ||||||
2019 | 2018 | |||||
Accident | 28.7 | % | 29.3 | % | ||
Short-term disability | 23.6 | 23.0 | ||||
Critical care(1) | 20.9 | 22.1 | ||||
Hospital indemnity | 15.2 | 14.9 | ||||
Dental/vision | 5.0 | 5.3 | ||||
Life | 6.6 | 5.4 | ||||
Total | 100.0 | % | 100.0 | % | ||
(1) Includes cancer, critical illness, and hospital intensive care products
New annualized premium sales for accident insurance, the leading Aflac U.S. product category, decreased .5%; short-term disability sales increased 4.4%; critical care insurance sales (including cancer insurance) decreased 3.2%; and hospital indemnity insurance sales increased 2.4% in the first quarter of 2019, compared with the same period in 2018.
The addition of group products has expanded Aflac U.S.'s reach and enabled Aflac U.S. to generate more sales opportunities with larger employers and through broker and sales agent channels. The Company anticipates that the appeal of Aflac U.S. group products will continue to enhance opportunities to connect with larger businesses and their employees. The Aflac U.S. portfolio of group and individual products offers businesses the opportunity to give their employees a more valuable and comprehensive selection of benefit options.
In the first quarter of 2019, the Aflac U.S. sales force included an average of approximately 8,200 U.S. agents, including brokers, who were actively producing business on a weekly basis. The Company believes that this average weekly producer equivalent metric allows sales management to monitor progress and needs.
One Day PaySM is a claims initiative that Aflac U.S. has focused on to process, approve and pay eligible claims in just one day. The Company believes that this claims practice enhances the Aflac U.S. brand reputation and the trust policyholders have in Aflac, and it helps Aflac stand out from competitors.
Aflac U.S. products provide cash benefits that can be used to help with increasing out-of-pocket medical expenses, help cover household costs, or protect against income and asset loss. Group products and relationships with insurance brokers that handle the larger-case market are helping Aflac U.S. expand its reach by selling to larger businesses. Aflac U.S. is regularly evaluating the marketplace to identify opportunities to bring the most relevant, cost-effective products to customers. The Company believes the need for its products remains very strong, and Aflac U.S. continues to work on enhancing its distribution capabilities to access employers of all sizes, including initiatives that benefit the field force and the broker community. At the same time, the Company is seeking opportunities to leverage its brand strength and attractive product portfolio in the evolving health care environment.
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U.S. Regulatory Environment
Healthcare Reform Legislation
The Affordable Care Act (ACA), federal health care legislation, was intended to give Americans of all ages and income levels access to comprehensive major medical health insurance and gave the U.S. federal government direct regulatory authority over the business of health insurance. While the ACA was enacted in 2010, the major elements of the law became effective on January 1, 2014. The ACA included major changes to the U.S. health care insurance marketplace. Among other changes, the ACA included an individual medical insurance coverage mandate (the monetary penalty for noncompliance with which has since been repealed effective 2019 by the Tax Act), provided for penalties on certain employers for failing to provide adequate coverage, created health insurance exchanges, and addressed coverage and exclusions as well as medical loss ratios. It also imposed an excise tax on certain high cost plans, known as the “Cadillac tax,” that is currently scheduled to begin in 2022. The ACA also included changes in government reimbursements and tax credits for individuals and employers and altered federal and state regulation of health insurers. The ACA, as enacted, does not require material changes in the design of the Company's insurance products. However, indirect consequences of the legislation and regulations could present challenges that could potentially have an impact on the Company's sales model, financial condition and results of operations. Members of Congress continue to consider legislation that would repeal and replace key provisions of the ACA. There can be no assurance that any legislation affecting the ACA will be passed by Congress, nor as to the ultimate timing or provisions of any such legislation, nor as to the effect of any such legislation on the design or marketability of the Company's insurance products. Further, certain provisions of the ACA have been and may continue to be subject to challenge through litigation, the ultimate effects of which on the ACA are uncertain.
While the current U.S. presidential administration has pursued a stated policy of attempting to create more competition in the marketplace through executive orders and rule making, it is unclear what impact these will have on the U.S. healthcare market, nor is it known whether proposed or final rules will be challenged or withstand judicial scrutiny. The President signed an Executive Order in October 2017 directing federal regulatory agencies to review and modify certain regulations issued under the ACA. The stated objectives of the Executive Order are to increase competition and consumer choices in health care markets, and to lower costs for health care, by making association health plans available to more employers, allowing employers to make better use of health reimbursement arrangements, and expanding coverage through short-term insurance. The Executive Order tasks three federal agencies, the Departments of Labor (DOL), Treasury, and Health and Human Services (HHS) with reviewing current rules and developing guidance to implement the order. These agencies have since proposed or finalized certain rules and guidance, although their ultimate impact on healthcare markets is not known, the Company continues to anticipate that the Executive Order will not have a significant impact on the availability or marketability of its products. The U.S. Department of Justice recently indicated its support for a previous U.S. district court ruling that the individual mandate is unconstitutional and that the remainder of the ACA is invalid.
Tax Reform Legislation
The Tax Act was signed into law on December 22, 2017. Among other things, effective January 1, 2018, the Tax Act reduced the U.S. federal statutory corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, eliminated or reduced certain deductions and credits and limited the deductibility of interest expense and executive compensation.
The Tax Act also transitions international corporate taxation from a worldwide system to a modified territorial system, which in light of the current tax treatment of Aflac Japan as a branch has the effect of subjecting the earnings of Aflac Japan to Japan taxation and subjecting the Company's other earnings, including the consolidated earnings of the Parent Company, to U.S. taxation. The treatment of Aflac Japan as a branch for U.S. tax purposes did not change following the completion of its conversion from a branch structure to a subsidiary structure for legal purposes on April 1, 2018.
Aflac U.S. prices its business on an internal rate of return basis. The Aflac U.S. business has a financial structure that the Company expects to be neutral on a pricing basis from these tax changes. The Aflac U.S. products have high initial costs for marketing, underwriting and administration, which will have less tax relief under the changes and will increase the amount required to invest in new business. In addition, the Company expects that RBC requirements will increase on an after-tax basis, being another source of initial funding required for these products. The tax basis for reserves and DAC may also change the timing of tax payments in an accelerated or unfavorable direction. All of these effects will offset a favorable lower tax rate on income in later years. The overall impact is expected to be neutral on a pricing basis from these various effects.
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The Tax Act changes became effective on January 1, 2018. However, because changes to tax rates are accounted for in the period of enactment, during the period ended December 31, 2017, the Company revalued its deferred tax assets and liabilities and recorded a net deferred tax liability reduction of $1.9 billion as of that date. In the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company recorded an immaterial adjustment to the provisional Japan deferred tax balances and no valuation allowance adjustment related to anticipatory foreign tax credit asset, rendering final values for the Company's deferred tax liability. For information on the effects of the Tax Act during the period ended December 31, 2018, see Note 10 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements presented in the 2018 Annual Report. For information on the conversion of Aflac Japan from a branch to a subsidiary, see General Business under Item 1, Business, in the 2018 Annual Report.
Dodd-Frank Act
Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Act and regulations issued thereunder, in particular rules to require central clearing for certain types of derivatives, may have an impact on Aflac's derivative activity, including activity on behalf of Aflac Japan. In addition, in 2015 and 2016, six U.S. financial regulators, including the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), issued final rules regarding the exchange of initial margin (IM) and variation margin (VM) for uncleared swaps that impose greater obligations on swap dealers regarding uncleared swaps with certain counterparties, such as Aflac. The requirements of such rules with respect to VM, as well as similar regulations in Europe, became effective on March 1, 2017. Full compliance with respect to all counterparties was required by September 1, 2017. The requirements of such rules with respect to IM are currently being phased in and will be fully implemented by September 1, 2020. In October of 2017, the CFTC and the European Commission each finalized comparability determinations that permit certain swap dealers who are subject to both regulatory margin regimes to take advantage of substituted compliance by complying with one set of margin requirements. The margin requirements are expected to result in more stringent collateral requirements and to affect other aspects of Aflac's derivatives activity.
The Dodd-Frank Act also established a Federal Insurance Office (FIO) under the U.S. Treasury Department to monitor all aspects of the insurance industry and of lines of business other than certain health insurance, certain long-term care insurance and crop insurance. Traditionally, U.S. insurance companies have been regulated primarily by state insurance departments. The FIO does not directly regulate the insurance industry, but under Dodd-Frank it has the power to preempt state insurance regulations that are inconsistent with international agreements reached by the federal government, subject to certain requirements and restrictions. The FIO and certain federal agencies must achieve consensus positions with the state insurance regulators when taking positions on insurance proposals by certain international forums. In December 2013, the FIO released a report entitled "How To Modernize And Improve The System Of Insurance Regulation In The United States." The report was required by the Dodd-Frank Act, and included 18 recommended areas of near-term reform for the states, including addressing capital adequacy and safety/soundness issues, reform of insurer resolution practices, and reform of marketplace regulation. The report also listed nine recommended areas for direct federal involvement in insurance regulation. Some of the recommendations outlined in the FIO report released in December 2013 have been implemented. The National Association of Registered Agents and Brokers Reform Act, signed into law in January 2015, simplifies the agent and broker licensing process across state lines. The FIO has also engaged with the supervisory colleges to monitor financial stability and identify regulatory gaps for large national and internationally active insurers. The President and Congress have stated proposals to reform or repeal certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act, some of which have been implemented. The Company is currently not subject to any regulatory provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act, but cannot predict with any degree of certainty what impact, if any, the law might have on Aflac's business, financial condition, or results of operations.
Insurance Guaranty Laws
Under state insurance guaranty association laws and similar laws in international jurisdictions, Aflac is subject to assessments, based on the share of business it writes in the relevant jurisdiction, for certain obligations of insolvent insurance companies to policyholders and claimants. In the United States, some states permit member insurers to recover assessments paid through full or partial premium tax offsets. The Company's policy is to accrue assessments when the entity for which the insolvency relates has met its state of domicile's statutory definition of insolvency, the amount of the loss is reasonably estimable and the related premium upon which the assessment is based is written. In most states, the definition is met with a declaration of financial insolvency by a court of competent jurisdiction.
Aflac U.S. Investments
The level of investment income is affected by available cash flow from operations, the timing of investing the cash flow, yields on new investments, and other factors.
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As part of the Company's portfolio management and asset allocation process, Aflac U.S. invests in fixed maturity investments and growth assets, including public equity securities and alternative investments in limited partnerships. Aflac U.S. has been investing in both publicly traded and privately originated investment-grade and below-investment-grade fixed maturity securities and loan receivables.
The following table details the investment purchases for Aflac U.S.
Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||
(In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | ||||||
Fixed maturity securities: | ||||||||
Other fixed maturity securities | $ | 594 | $ | 119 | ||||
Infrastructure debt | 60 | 16 | ||||||
Equity securities (1) | 16 | 23 | ||||||
Commercial mortgage and other loans: | ||||||||
Transitional real estate loans | 48 | 73 | ||||||
Commercial mortgage loans | 25 | 0 | ||||||
Middle market loans | 29 | 31 | ||||||
Other investments | 5 | 23 | ||||||
Total Aflac U.S. Purchases | $ | 777 | $ | 285 | ||||
(1) Includes FHLB purchases
See Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes 1 and 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2018 Annual Report for more information regarding loans and loans receivables.
The following table presents the results of Aflac's U.S. investment yields for the periods ended March 31.
Three Months | |||||||||
2019 | 2018 | ||||||||
Total purchases for period (in millions) (1) | $ | 772 | $ | 262 | |||||
New money yield (1), (2) | 4.48 | % | 4.69 | % | |||||
Return on average invested assets (3) | 5.08 | 5.04 | |||||||
Portfolio book yield, end of period (1) | 5.49 | % | 5.52 | % | |||||
(1) Includes fixed maturity securities, commercial mortgage and other loans, equity securities, and excludes alternative investments in limited partnerships
(2) Reported on a gross yield basis; excludes investment expenses and external management fees
(3) Net of investment expenses, year-to-date number reflected on a quarterly average basis
The decrease in the Aflac U.S. new money yield for the three-month period ended March 31, 2019 was primarily due to decreased allocations to higher yielding floating rate assets. See Notes 3 and 5 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements and the Analysis of Financial Condition section of this MD&A for additional information on the Company's investments.
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CORPORATE AND OTHER
Aflac defines pretax adjusted earnings, a non-U.S. GAAP financial measure, as adjusted earnings before the application of income taxes. See the Results of Operations section of this MD&A for the Company's definition of adjusted earnings and a reconciliation of adjusted earnings to the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure of net earnings. Changes in the pretax adjusted earnings of Corporate and other are primarily affected by investment income. The following table presents a summary of results for Corporate and other.
Corporate and Other Summary of Operating Results
Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||
(In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | ||||||
Total premiums | $ | 50 | $ | 54 | ||||
Net investment income | 22 | 19 | ||||||
Amortized hedge income related to certain foreign currency management strategies | 20 | 2 | ||||||
Net investment income, including amortized hedge income | 42 | 21 | ||||||
Other income | 3 | 4 | ||||||
Total adjusted revenues | 95 | 79 | ||||||
Total net benefits and claims | 47 | 52 | ||||||
Interest expense | 33 | 30 | ||||||
Other adjusted expenses | 33 | 43 | ||||||
Total benefits and adjusted expenses | 113 | 125 | ||||||
Pretax adjusted earnings | $ | (18 | ) | $ | (46 | ) | ||
In December 2018, the Parent Company invested $20 million in Singapore Life Pte. Ltd. (Singapore Life), a digitally-focused life insurance company based in Singapore. The Parent Company plans to make an additional investment of $16 million in the second quarter of 2019, bringing the total investment to $36 million. As part of the relationship, Aflac also plans to enter into a reinsurance agreement on certain protection products with Singapore Life. However, the Company does not currently expect the equity investment or the reinsurance agreement to have a material impact on its financial position or results of operation.
ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
The Company's financial condition has remained strong in the functional currencies of its operations. The yen/dollar exchange rate at the end of each period is used to translate yen-denominated balance sheet items to U.S. dollars for reporting purposes.
Investments
The Company’s investment strategy utilizes disciplined asset and liability management while seeking long-term risk-adjusted investment returns and the delivery of stable income within regulatory and capital objectives, and preserving shareholder value. In attempting to optimally balance these objectives, the Company seeks to maintain on behalf of Aflac Japan a diversified portfolio of yen-denominated investment assets, U.S. dollar-denominated investment portfolio hedged back to yen and a portfolio of unhedged U.S. dollar-denominated assets. As part of the Company's portfolio management and asset allocation process, Aflac U.S. invests in fixed maturity investments and growth assets, including public equity securities and alternative investments in limited partnerships. Aflac U.S. invests in both publicly traded and privately originated investment-grade and below-investment-grade fixed maturity securities and loans.
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The following table details investments by segment.
Investments by Segment
Aflac Japan | Aflac U.S. | |||||||||||||||||||||
(In millions) | March 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | March 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||
Available for sale, fixed maturity securities, at fair value | $ | 73,485 | $ | 69,409 | $ | 13,038 | $ | 12,132 | ||||||||||||||
Held to maturity, fixed maturity securities, at amortized cost | 30,163 | 30,318 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||
Equity securities | 847 | 806 | 150 | 137 | ||||||||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage and other loans: | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Transitional real estate loans | 3,721 | 3,621 | 660 | 756 | ||||||||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage loans | 759 | 763 | 324 | 301 | ||||||||||||||||||
Middle market loans | 1,412 | 1,144 | 304 | 334 | ||||||||||||||||||
Other investments: | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Policy loans | 222 | 219 | 14 | 13 | ||||||||||||||||||
Short-term investments (1) | 318 | 0 | 225 | 141 | ||||||||||||||||||
Limited partnerships | 379 | 333 | 42 | 37 | ||||||||||||||||||
Other | 0 | 0 | 25 | 26 | ||||||||||||||||||
Total investments | 111,306 | 106,613 | 14,782 | 13,877 | ||||||||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | 1,783 | 1,779 | 524 | 641 | ||||||||||||||||||
Total investments and cash (2) | $ | 113,089 | $ | 108,392 | $ | 15,306 | $ | 14,518 | ||||||||||||||
(1) Includes securities lending collateral
(2) Excludes investments and cash held by the Parent Company and other business segments of $3,043 in 2019 and $3,333 in 2018
Cash and cash equivalents totaled $3.9 billion, or 3.0% of total investments and cash, as of March 31, 2019, compared with $4.3 billion, or 3.4%, at December 31, 2018. For a discussion of the factors affecting the Company's cash balance, see the Operating Activities, Investing Activities and Financing Activities subsections of this MD&A.
For additional information concerning the Company's investments, see Notes 3, 4, and 5 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
The ratings of the Company's securities referenced in the table below are based on the ratings designations provided by major Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations (NRSROs) (Moody's, S&P and Fitch) or, if not rated, are determined based on the Company's internal analysis of such securities. When the ratings issued by the rating agencies differ, the Company utilizes the second lowest rating when three or more rating agency ratings are available or the lowest rating when only two rating agency ratings are available.
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The distributions of debt securities the Company owns, by credit rating, were as follows:
Composition of Securities Portfolio by Credit Rating
March 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||
Amortized Cost | Fair Value | Amortized Cost | Fair Value | ||||||||||||||||
AAA | .9 | % | .9 | % | 1.0 | % | .9 | % | |||||||||||
AA | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.0 | |||||||||||||||
A | 68.6 | 70.4 | 67.9 | 69.9 | |||||||||||||||
BBB | 22.9 | 21.5 | 23.2 | 21.6 | |||||||||||||||
BB or lower | 3.7 | 3.3 | 4.0 | 3.6 | |||||||||||||||
Total | 100.0 | % | 100.0 | % | 100.0 | % | 100.0 | % | |||||||||||
As of March 31, 2019, the Company's direct and indirect exposure to securities in its investment portfolio that were guaranteed by third parties was immaterial both individually and in the aggregate.
The following table presents the 10 largest unrealized loss positions in the Company's portfolio as of March 31, 2019.
(In millions) | Credit Rating | Amortized Cost | Fair Value | Unrealized Loss | |||||||||||||||||
Diamond Offshore Drilling Inc. | B | $ | 143 | $ | 83 | $ | (60 | ) | |||||||||||||
AXA | BBB | 293 | 252 | (41 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Baker Hughes Inc. | A | 122 | 103 | (19 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Kommunal Landspensjonskasse (Klp) | BBB | 135 | 118 | (17 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Transocean Inc. | CCC | 72 | 58 | (14 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Abbvie Inc. | BBB | 177 | 164 | (13 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Time Warner Cable Inc. | BBB | 118 | 105 | (13 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
National Oilwell Varco Inc. | BBB | 83 | 71 | (12 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Tyco Electronics Group Sa | A | 105 | 94 | (11 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Discovery Communications | BBB | 108 | 98 | (10 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Generally, declines in fair values can be a result of changes in interest rates, yen/dollar exchange rate, and changes in net spreads driven by a broad market move or a change in the issuer's underlying credit quality. As the Company believes these issuers have the ability to continue making timely payments of principal and interest, the Company views these changes in fair value to be temporary and does not believe it is necessary to impair the carrying value of these securities. See the Unrealized Investment Gains and Losses section in Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussions of unrealized losses related to financial institutions and other corporate investments.
Below-Investment-Grade Securities
The Company's portfolio of below-investment-grade securities includes debt securities purchased while the issuer was rated investment grade plus other loans and bonds purchased as part of an allocation to that segment of the market. The following is the Company's below-investment-grade exposure.
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Below-Investment-Grade Investments
March 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||
(In millions) | Par Value | Amortized Cost | Fair Value | Unrealized Gain (Loss) | |||||||||||
Investcorp Capital Limited | $ | 383 | $ | 383 | $ | 410 | $ | 27 | |||||||
Republic of South Africa | 360 | 360 | 372 | 12 | |||||||||||
KLM Royal Dutch Airlines | 270 | 199 | 231 | 32 | |||||||||||
Republic of Tunisia | 180 | 106 | 119 | 13 | |||||||||||
Telecom Italia SpA | 180 | 180 | 217 | 37 | |||||||||||
Barclays Bank PLC | 180 | 111 | 148 | 37 | |||||||||||
Navient Corp. | 135 | 66 | 80 | 14 | |||||||||||
Transnet | 135 | 135 | 136 | 1 | |||||||||||
Diamond Offshore Drilling Inc. | 124 | 143 | 83 | (60 | ) | ||||||||||
IKB Deutsche Industriebank AG | 117 | 50 | 88 | 38 | |||||||||||
Arconic Inc. | 100 | 84 | 99 | 15 | |||||||||||
EMC Corp. | 80 | 80 | 74 | (6 | ) | ||||||||||
Generalitat de Catalunya | 72 | 26 | 66 | 40 | |||||||||||
Teva Pharmaceuticals | 68 | 66 | 62 | (4 | ) | ||||||||||
Transocean Inc. | 68 | 72 | 58 | (14 | ) | ||||||||||
National Gas Co. Trinidad and Tobago | 52 | 50 | 51 | 1 | |||||||||||
Petrobras International Finance Company | 50 | 52 | 51 | (1 | ) | ||||||||||
CF Industries Inc. | 50 | 49 | 49 | 0 | |||||||||||
Other Issuers (below $50 million in par value) | 200 | 196 | 194 | (2 | ) | ||||||||||
Subtotal (1) | 2,804 | 2,408 | 2,588 | 180 | |||||||||||
Senior secured bank loans | 946 | 958 | 933 | (25 | ) | ||||||||||
High yield corporate bonds | 575 | 565 | 575 | 10 | |||||||||||
Middle market loans, net of reserves (2) | 1,739 | 1,716 | 1,710 | (6 | ) | ||||||||||
Grand Total | $ | 6,064 | $ | 5,647 | $ | 5,806 | $ | 159 | |||||||
(1) Securities initially purchased as investment grade, but have subsequently been downgraded to below investment grade
(2) Middle market loans are carried at amortized cost
The Company invests in senior secured bank loans and middle market loans primarily to U.S. corporate borrowers, most of which have below-investment-grade ratings. The objectives of these programs include enhancing the yield on invested assets, achieving further diversification of credit risk, and mitigating the risk of rising interest rates and hedge costs through the acquisition of floating rate assets.
The Company maintains an allocation to higher yielding corporate bonds within the Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. portfolios. Most of these securities were rated below-investment-grade at the time of purchase, but the Company also purchased several that were rated investment grade which, because of market pricing, offer yields commensurate with below-investment-grade risk profiles. The objective of this allocation was to enhance the Company's yield on invested assets and further diversify credit risk. All investments must have a minimum rating of low BB using the Company's above described rating methodology and are managed by the Company's internal credit portfolio management team.
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Fixed Maturity Securities by Sector
The Company maintains diversification in investments by sector to avoid concentrations to any one sector, thus managing exposure risk. The following table shows the distribution of fixed maturities by sector classification.
March 31, 2019 | ||||||||||||
(In millions) | Amortized Cost | % of Total | ||||||||||
Government and agencies | $ | 53,389 | 49.0 | % | ||||||||
Municipalities | 2,527 | 2.3 | ||||||||||
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities | 400 | .4 | ||||||||||
Public utilities | 8,391 | 7.7 | ||||||||||
Electric | 6,437 | 5.9 | ||||||||||
Natural gas | 299 | .3 | ||||||||||
Other | 774 | .7 | ||||||||||
Utility/energy | 881 | .8 | ||||||||||
Sovereign and supranational | 2,170 | 2.0 | ||||||||||
Banks/financial institutions | 9,411 | 8.6 | ||||||||||
Banking | 5,560 | 5.1 | ||||||||||
Insurance | 1,837 | 1.7 | ||||||||||
Other | 2,014 | 1.8 | ||||||||||
Other corporate | 32,581 | 30.0 | ||||||||||
Basic industry | 3,446 | 3.2 | ||||||||||
Capital goods | 2,984 | 2.7 | ||||||||||
Communications | 4,027 | 3.7 | ||||||||||
Consumer cyclical | 3,266 | 3.0 | ||||||||||
Consumer non-cyclical | 6,180 | 5.7 | ||||||||||
Energy | 4,654 | 4.3 | ||||||||||
Other | 1,278 | 1.2 | ||||||||||
Technology | 2,851 | 2.6 | ||||||||||
Transportation | 3,895 | 3.6 | ||||||||||
Total fixed maturity securities | $ | 108,869 | 100.0 | % | ||||||||
Securities by Type of Issuance
The Company has investments in both publicly and privately issued securities. The Company's ability to sell either type of security is a function of overall market liquidity which is impacted by, among other things, the amount of outstanding securities of a particular issuer or issuance, trading history of the issue or issuer, overall market conditions, and idiosyncratic events affecting the specific issue or issuer.
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The following table details investment securities by type of issuance.
Investment Securities by Type of Issuance
March 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
(In millions) | Amortized Cost | Fair Value | Amortized Cost | Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||
Publicly issued securities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity securities | $ | 89,167 | $ | 102,715 | $ | 83,482 | $ | 93,255 | |||||||||||||||
Equity securities | 1,033 | 1,033 | 936 | 936 | |||||||||||||||||||
Total publicly issued | 90,200 | 103,748 | 84,418 | 94,191 | |||||||||||||||||||
Privately issued securities: (1) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity securities | 19,702 | (2) | 22,655 | (2) | 23,692 | 26,362 | |||||||||||||||||
Equity securities | 8 | 8 | 51 | 51 | |||||||||||||||||||
Total privately issued | 19,710 | 22,663 | 23,743 | 26,413 | |||||||||||||||||||
Total investment securities | $ | 109,910 | $ | 126,411 | $ | 108,161 | $ | 120,604 | |||||||||||||||
(1) Primarily consists of securities owned by Aflac Japan
(2) Excludes 144A securities starting in the first quarter of 2019
The following table details the Company's reverse-dual currency securities.
Reverse-Dual Currency Securities(1)
(Amortized cost, in millions) | March 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | |||||||||
Privately issued reverse-dual currency securities | $ | 5,121 | $ | 5,120 | |||||||
Publicly issued collateral structured as reverse-dual currency securities | 1,657 | 1,657 | |||||||||
Total reverse-dual currency securities | $ | 6,778 | $ | 6,777 | |||||||
Reverse-dual currency securities as a percentage of total investment securities | 6.2 | % | 6.3 | % | |||||||
(1) Principal payments in yen and interest payments in dollars
Aflac Japan has a portfolio of privately issued securities to better match liability characteristics and secure higher yields than those available on Japanese government or other public corporate bonds. Aflac Japan’s investments in yen-denominated privately issued securities consist primarily of non-Japanese issuers, are rated investment grade at purchase and have longer maturities, thereby allowing the Company to improve asset/liability matching and overall investment returns. These securities are generally either privately negotiated arrangements or issued under medium-term note programs and have standard documentation commensurate with credit ratings of the issuer, except when internal credit analysis indicates that additional protective and/or event-risk covenants were required. Many of these investments have protective covenants appropriate to the specific investment. These may include a prohibition of certain activities by the borrower, maintenance of certain financial measures, and specific conditions impacting the payment of the Company's notes.
Hedging Activities
The Company uses derivative contracts to hedge foreign currency exchange rate risk and interest rate risk. Derivative hedges are designed to reduce risk on an economic basis while minimizing the impact on financial results. The Company’s derivative hedge programs vary depending on the type of risk being hedged.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk Hedge Program
The Company has deployed the following hedging strategies to mitigate exposure to foreign currency exchange rate risk:
• | Aflac Japan hedges U.S. dollar-denominated investments back to yen (see Aflac Japan’s U.S. Dollar-Denominated Hedge Program below). |
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• | Aflac Japan maintains certain unhedged U.S. dollar-denominated securities, which serve as an economic currency hedge of a portion of the Company's investment in Aflac Japan (see Aflac Japan’s U.S. Dollar-Denominated Hedge Program below). |
• | The Parent Company designates yen-denominated liabilities (notes payable and loans) as non-derivative hedging instruments and designates certain foreign currency forwards and options as derivative hedges of the Company’s net investment in Aflac Japan (see Parent Company’s Foreign Currency Hedge Program below). |
• | The Parent Company enters into forward contracts to accomplish a dual objective of hedging foreign currency exchange rate risk related to dividend payments by its subsidiary, ALIJ, and reducing enterprise-wide hedge costs. (see Parent Company’s Foreign Currency Hedge Program below). |
Aflac Japan’s U.S. Dollar-Denominated Investments
Aflac Japan buys U.S. dollar-denominated investments, typically corporate bonds, and hedges them back to yen with foreign currency forwards and options to hedge foreign currency exchange rate risk. This economically creates yen assets that match yen liabilities during the life of the derivative and provides liquidity and capital relief. The currency risk being hedged is generally based on fair value of hedged investments. The following table summarizes the U.S. dollar-denominated investments held by Aflac Japan.
March 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||
(In millions) | Amortized Cost | Fair Value | Amortized Cost | Fair Value | ||||||||||||
Available-for-sale securities: | ||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity securities (excluding bank loans) | $ | 17,418 | $ | 18,068 | $ | 17,101 | $ | 17,003 | ||||||||
Fixed maturity securities - bank loans (floating rate) | 1,204 | 1,171 | 1,296 | 1,238 | ||||||||||||
Fixed maturity securities - economically converted to yen | 1,679 | 2,399 | 1,679 | 2,269 | ||||||||||||
Equity securities | 198 | 198 | 177 | 177 | ||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage and other loans: | ||||||||||||||||
Transitional real estate loans (floating rate) | 3,721 | 3,735 | 3,621 | 3,625 | ||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage loans | 759 | 747 | 763 | 736 | ||||||||||||
Middle market loans (floating rate) | 1,412 | 1,412 | 1,144 | 1,146 | ||||||||||||
Other investments | 379 | 379 | 333 | 333 | ||||||||||||
Total U.S. dollar-denominated investments in Aflac Japan | $ | 26,770 | $ | 28,109 | $ | 26,114 | $ | 26,527 | ||||||||
As of March 31, 2019, Aflac Japan had $8.6 billion outstanding notional amounts of foreign currency forwards and $11.4 billion outstanding notional amounts of foreign currency options, of which none were in-the-money, hedging the U.S. dollar-denominated investments. The fair value of Aflac Japan's unhedged U.S. dollar portfolio was $17.1 billion (excluding certain U.S. dollar-denominated assets shown in the table above as a result of consolidation that have been economically converted to yen using derivatives).
Foreign exchange derivatives used for hedging are periodically settled, which results in cash receipt or payment at maturity or early termination. The Company had net cash settlements of $12 million and $1 million for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, associated with the currency derivatives used for hedging Aflac Japan’s U.S. dollar-denominated investments.
For additional discussion of the risks associated with the foreign currency exposure refer to the Currency Risk section in Item 7A., Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk, and the Risk Factor sections titled “The Company is exposed to foreign currency fluctuations in the yen/dollar exchange rate" and “Lack of availability of acceptable yen-denominated investments could adversely affect the Company's results of operations, financial position or liquidity" in the 2018 Annual Report. For discussion of the Company’s view on the stressed economic surplus in Aflac Japan, refer to the Investments subsection within Item 1., Business, in the 2018 Annual Report.
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Parent Company's Foreign Currency Hedge Program
The Company has designated certain yen-denominated liabilities and, prior to April 1, 2018, foreign currency forwards and options of the Parent Company as accounting hedges of its net investment in Aflac Japan. The Company's consolidated yen-denominated net asset position was partially hedged at $1.8 billion as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, with hedging instruments comprised completely of yen-denominated debt.
The Company makes its accounting designation of net investment hedge at the beginning of each quarter. If the total of the designated Parent Company non-derivative and derivative notional is equal to or less than the Company's net investment in Aflac Japan, the hedge is deemed to be effective, and the currency exchange effect on the yen-denominated liabilities and the change in estimated fair value of the derivatives are reported in the unrealized foreign currency component of other comprehensive income. The Company's net investment hedge was effective during the three-month periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
In order to economically mitigate risks associated with the enterprise-wide exposure to the yen and the level and volatility of hedge costs, the Parent Company enters into foreign exchange forward contracts. By buying U.S. dollars and selling yen, the Parent Company is effectively lowering its overall economic exposure to the yen, while Aflac Japan's U.S dollar exposure remains reduced as a result of Aflac Japan's U.S. dollar-denominated hedge program that economically creates yen assets. Among other objectives, this strategy is intended to offset the enterprise-wide amortized hedge costs by generating amortized hedge income. The portion of the enterprise-wide amortized hedge income contributed by this strategy for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 was $20 million and $2 million, respectively. This activity is reported in Corporate and Other. As this program evolves, the Company will continue to evaluate the program’s efficacy, including third-party review. See the Results of Operations section of this MD&A for the Company's definition of amortized hedge costs/income.
The following table presents metrics related to Aflac Japan amortized hedge costs and the Parent Company amortized hedge income for the periods ended March 31.
Amortized Hedge Costs/Income Metrics(1)
Three Months | |||
2019 | 2018 | ||
Aflac Japan: | |||
FX forward (sell USD, buy yen) notional at end of period (in billions)(2) | $8.6 | $9.9 | |
Weighted average remaining tenor (in months)(3) | 14.3 | 23.6 | |
Amortized hedge costs for period (in millions) | $(62) | (55) | |
Parent Company: | |||
FX forward (buy USD, sell yen) notional at end of period (in billions)(2) | $2.6 | $.7 | |
Weighted average remaining tenor (in months)(3) | 14.1 | 12.1 | |
Amortized hedge income for period (in millions) | $20 | $2 | |
(1) See the Results of Operations section of this MD&A for the Company's definition of amortized hedge costs/income.
(2) Notional is reported net of any offsetting positions within Aflac Japan or the Parent Company, respectively.
(3) Tenor based on period reporting date to settlement date
Interest Rate Risk Hedge Program
To mitigate the risk of investment income volatility, the Company economically hedges interest rate fluctuations for certain variable-rate investments. To manage interest rate risk associated with its U.S. dollar-denominated investments held by Aflac Japan, the Company also utilizes interest rate swaptions.
See Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the Company's hedging activities. For additional discussion of the risks associated with the foreign currency exposure refer to the Currency Risk section in Item 1A. Risk Factors in the 2018 Annual Report.
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Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs
The following table presents deferred policy acquisition costs by segment.
(In millions) | March 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | % Change | |||||||||||||
Aflac Japan | $ | 6,405 | $ | 6,384 | .3 | % | (1) | |||||||||
Aflac U.S. | 3,487 | 3,491 | (.1 | ) | ||||||||||||
Total | $ | 9,892 | $ | 9,875 | .2 | % | ||||||||||
(1)Aflac Japan’s deferred policy acquisition costs increased .3% in yen during the three months ended March 31, 2019.
See Note 6 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2018 Annual Report for additional information on the Company's deferred policy acquisition costs.
Policy Liabilities
The following table presents policy liabilities by segment.
(In millions) | March 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | % Change | |||||||||||||
Aflac Japan | $ | 93,189 | $ | 92,791 | .4 | % | (1) | |||||||||
Aflac U.S. | 11,065 | 10,981 | .8 | |||||||||||||
Other | 193 | 183 | 5.5 | |||||||||||||
Intercompany eliminations(2) | (767 | ) | (767 | ) | .0 | |||||||||||
Total | $ | 103,680 | $ | 103,188 | .5 | % | ||||||||||
(1) Aflac Japan’s policy liabilities increased .4% in yen during the three months ended March 31, 2019.
(2) Elimination entry necessary due to recapture of a portion of policy liabilities ceded externally, as a result of the reinsurance retrocession transaction as described in Note 7 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Notes Payable
Notes payable totaled $5.9 billion at March 31, 2019, compared with $5.8 billion at December 31, 2018.
See Note 8 of the accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the Company's notes payable. See Note 1 of the accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the change in accounting for leases.
On April 12, 2019, the Company announced that ALIJ priced 30.0 billion yen (par value) of perpetual subordinated bonds. These bonds will bear interest at a fixed rate of .963% per annum and then at six-month Euro Yen LIBOR plus an applicable spread on and after the day immediately following April 18, 2024. The bonds will be callable on each interest payment date on and after April 18, 2024. Aflac Japan anticipates using the net proceeds of the offering for general corporate purposes.
Benefit Plans
Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. have various benefit plans. For additional information on the Company's Japanese and U.S. plans, see Note 11 of the accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements and Note 14 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2018 Annual Report.
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Policyholder Protection
Policyholder Protection Corporation
The Japanese insurance industry has a policyholder protection system that provides funds for the policyholders of insolvent insurers. Legislation enacted regarding the framework of the Life Insurance Policyholder Protection Corporation (LIPPC) included government fiscal measures supporting the LIPPC. On November 25, 2016, Japan's Diet passed legislation that extended the government's fiscal support of the LIPPC through March 2022. Effective April 2014, the annual LIPPC contribution amount for the total life industry was lowered from 40 billion yen to 33 billion yen. Aflac Japan recognized an expense of .9 billion yen and 1.0 billion yen for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, for LIPPC assessments.
Guaranty Fund Assessments
Under U.S. state guaranty association laws, certain insurance companies can be assessed (up to prescribed limits) for certain obligations to the policyholders and claimants of impaired or insolvent insurance companies that write the same line or similar lines of business. The amount of the guaranty fund assessment that an insurer is assessed is based on its proportionate share of premiums in that state. Guaranty fund assessments for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, were immaterial.
As of March 31, 2019, the Company has estimated and recognized the impact of its share of guaranty fund assessments resulting from the liquidation of a long-term care insurer. See Note 12 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on the assessment.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As of March 31, 2019, the Company had no material letters of credit, standby letters of credit, guarantees or standby repurchase obligations. See Note 15 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2018 Annual Report for information on material unconditional purchase obligations that are not recorded on the Company's balance sheet.
CAPITAL RESOURCES AND LIQUIDITY
Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. provide the primary sources of liquidity to the Parent Company through dividends and management fees. The following table presents the amounts provided for the three-month periods ending March 31.
Liquidity Provided by Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. to Parent Company
(In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | ||||||
Dividends declared or paid by Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. | $ | 356 | $ | 100 | ||||
Management fees paid by Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. | 41 | 96 | ||||||
The primary uses of cash by the Parent Company are shareholder dividends, the repurchase of its common stock and interest on its outstanding indebtedness and operating expenses.
In 2018, the Company announced a change in its internal dividend policy which allows the Company to increase the proportion of regulatory earnings transferred from Aflac U.S. and Aflac Japan to the Parent Company. The Company intends to maintain higher than historical levels of capital and liquidity at the Parent Company with the goals of addressing the Company’s hedge costs and related potential need for collateral and mitigating against long-term weakening of the Japanese yen. Further, the Company plans to continue to maintain a portfolio of unhedged U.S. dollar based investments at Aflac Japan and consider whether the amount of such investments should be increased or decreased relative to the Company’s view of economic equity surplus in Aflac Japan in light of potentially rising hedge costs and other factors. See Item 2., Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations under “Forward-Looking Information,” for a description of factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by the Company in regards to its capital management intentions.
The Parent Company accesses debt security markets to provide additional sources of capital. In September 2018, the Parent Company filed a shelf registration statement with the SEC that allows the Company to issue an indefinite amount of debt securities, in one or more series, from time to time until September 2021. In August 2018, the Parent Company
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filed a shelf registration with Japanese regulatory authorities that allows the Parent Company to conduct public offerings of bonds in Japan, including yen-denominated Samurai notes, up to 200 billion yen or its equivalent through August 2020. The shelf registration statement is for possible public offerings in Japan, but the bonds issued under the shelf may be transferred by the bondholders to U.S. persons in compliance with U.S. law. The Company believes outside sources for additional debt and equity capital, if needed, will continue to be available. For additional information, see Note 8 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
The principal sources of cash for the Company's insurance operations are premiums and investment income. The primary uses of cash by the Company's insurance operations are investments, policy claims, commissions, operating expenses, income taxes and payments to the Parent Company for management fees and dividends. Both the sources and uses of cash are reasonably predictable.
When making an investment decision, the Company's first consideration is based on product needs. The Company's investment objectives provide for liquidity through the purchase of investment-grade debt securities. These objectives also take into account duration matching, and because of the long-term nature of the Company's business, the Company has adequate time to react to changing cash flow needs.
As a result of policyholder aging, claims payments are expected to gradually increase over the life of a policy. Therefore, future policy benefit reserves are accumulated in the early years of a policy and are designed to help fund future claims payments. The Company expects its future cash flows from premiums and its investment portfolio to be sufficient to meet its cash needs for benefits and expenses.
As of March 31, 2019, the Parent Company and Aflac had four lines of credit with third parties as well as two intercompany lines of credit. For additional information on the Company's lines of credit, see Note 8 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
As part of an arrangement with Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta (FHLB), Aflac U.S. obtains low-cost funding from FHLB supported by acceptable forms of collateral pledged by Aflac U.S. In the first three months of 2019, Aflac U.S. borrowed and repaid $108 million under this program. As of March 31, 2019, Aflac U.S. had outstanding borrowings of $289 million reported in its balance sheet. For more information on the FHLB program, refer to the Investments subsection within Analysis of Financial Condition in Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in the 2018 Annual Report.
The Company's financial statements convey its financing arrangements during the periods presented. The Company has not engaged in material intra-period short-term financings during the periods presented that are not otherwise reported in its balance sheet or disclosed therein. The Company was in compliance with all of the covenants of its notes payable and lines of credit at March 31, 2019. The Company has not entered into transactions involving the transfer of financial assets with an obligation to repurchase financial assets that have been accounted for as a sale under applicable accounting standards, including securities lending transactions. See Notes 3 and 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes 1, 3, and 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2018 Annual Report for more information on the Company's securities lending and derivative activities. With the exception of disclosed activities in those referenced footnotes and the Risk Factors in the 2018 Annual Report entitled, "The Company is exposed to foreign currency fluctuations in the yen/dollar exchange rate" and "Lack of availability of acceptable yen-denominated investments could adversely affect the Company's results of operations, financial position or liquidity," the Company does not have a known trend, demand, commitment, event or uncertainty that would reasonably result in its liquidity increasing or decreasing by a material amount. As of March 31, 2019, the Parent Company had $1.0 billion as a capital reserve and an additional $1.0 billion of contingent liquidity in order to mitigate liquidity risk of derivative positions that are reducing enterprise-wide foreign currency exposure. The Company's cash and cash equivalents include unrestricted cash on hand, money market instruments, and other debt instruments with a maturity of 90 days or less when purchased, all of which has minimal market, settlement or other risk exposure.
Consolidated Cash Flows
The Company translates cash flows for Aflac Japan’s yen-denominated items into U.S. dollars using weighted-average exchange rates. In periods when the yen weakens, translating yen into dollars causes fewer dollars to be reported. When the yen strengthens, translating yen into dollars causes more dollars to be reported.
The following table summarizes consolidated cash flows by activity for the three-month periods ended March 31.
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(In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | ||||||
Operating activities | $ | 1,544 | $ | 1,238 | ||||
Investing activities | (1,291 | ) | (199 | ) | ||||
Financing activities | (686 | ) | (473 | ) | ||||
Exchange effect on cash and cash equivalents | (12 | ) | 23 | |||||
Net change in cash and cash equivalents | $ | (445 | ) | $ | 589 | |||
Operating Activities
The principal cash inflows for the Company's insurance activities come from insurance premiums and investment income. The principal cash outflows are the result of policy claims, operating expenses, income tax, as well as interest expense. The Company expects its future cash flows from premiums and investment portfolios to be sufficient to meet its cash needs for benefits and expenses.
Investing Activities
Prudent portfolio management dictates that the Company attempts to match the duration of its assets with the duration of its liabilities. Currently, when the Company's fixed maturity securities mature, the proceeds may be reinvested at a yield below that required for the accretion of policy benefit liabilities on policies issued in earlier years. However, the long-term nature of the Company's business and its strong cash flows provide the Company with the ability to minimize the effect of mismatched durations and/or yields identified by various asset adequacy analyses. From time to time or when market opportunities arise, the Company disposes of selected fixed maturity securities that are available for sale to improve the duration matching of assets and liabilities, improve future investment yields, and/or re-balance its portfolio. As a result, dispositions before maturity can vary significantly from year to year.
As part of its overall corporate strategy, the Company announced in September 2018 that it intends to increase its original investment in the Aflac Ventures Fund from $100 million over three years to $250 million over three to four years, as opportunities emerge. These investments are included in equity securities or the other investments line in the consolidated balance sheets. The Aflac Ventures Fund is a subsidiary of Aflac Corporate Ventures which is reported in the Corporate and other segment. The central mission of Aflac Corporate Ventures is to support the organic growth and business development needs of Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. with emphasis on digital applications designed to improve the customer experience, gain efficiencies, and develop new markets in an effort to enhance and defend long-term shareholder value.
See Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for details on certain investment commitments.
Financing Activities
Consolidated cash used by financing activities was $686 million in the first three months of 2019, compared with consolidated cash used by financing activities of $473 million for the same period of 2018.
See the preceding discussion in this Capital Resources and Liquidity section of MD&A for details and any outstanding balances as of March 31, 2019, for the Company's lines of credit and FHLB financing arrangement.
The Company was in compliance with all of the covenants of its notes payable and lines of credit at March 31, 2019.
Cash returned to shareholders through dividends and treasury stock purchases was $685 million during the three-month period ended March 31, 2019, compared with $491 million during the three-month period ended March 31, 2018.
The following tables present a summary of treasury stock activity during the three-month periods ended March 31.
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Treasury Stock Purchased
(In millions of dollars and thousands of shares) | 2019 | 2018 | ||||||
Treasury stock purchases | $ | 490 | $ | 296 | ||||
Number of shares purchased: | ||||||||
Open market | 10,237 | 6,640 | ||||||
Other | 561 | 315 | ||||||
Total shares purchased | 10,798 | 6,955 | ||||||
Treasury Stock Issued
(In millions of dollars and thousands of shares) | 2019 | 2018 | ||||||
Stock issued from treasury: | ||||||||
Cash financing | $ | 12 | $ | 14 | ||||
Noncash financing | 18 | 15 | ||||||
Total stock issued from treasury | $ | 30 | $ | 29 | ||||
Number of shares issued | 939 | 788 | ||||||
During the first three months of 2019, the Company repurchased 10.2 million shares of its common stock for $490 million as part of its share repurchase program. As of March 31, 2019, a remaining balance of 58.8 million shares of the Company's common stock was available for purchase under share repurchase authorizations by its board of directors. The Company currently plans to repurchase a total of $1.3 billion to $1.7 billion of its common stock in 2019, assuming stable capital conditions and absent compelling alternatives.
Cash dividends paid to shareholders were $.27 per share in the first quarter of 2019, compared with $.26 per share in the first quarter of 2018. The following table presents the dividend activity for the three-month periods ended March 31.
(In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | ||||||
Dividends paid in cash | $ | 195 | $ | 195 | ||||
Dividends through issuance of treasury shares | 8 | 8 | ||||||
Total dividends to shareholders | $ | 203 | $ | 203 | ||||
In April 2019, the board of directors declared the second quarter cash dividend of $.27 per share, an increase of 3.8% compared with the same period in 2018. The dividend is payable on June 3, 2019 to shareholders of record at the close of business on May 22, 2019.
Regulatory Restrictions
Aflac and CAIC are domiciled in Nebraska and are subject to its regulations. Subsequent to the Japan branch conversion to a subsidiary, Aflac Japan is domiciled in Japan and subject to local regulations. See further discussion below. A life insurance company’s statutory capital and surplus is determined according to rules prescribed by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC), as modified by the insurance department in the insurance company’s state of domicile. Statutory accounting rules are different from U.S. GAAP and are intended to emphasize policyholder protection and company solvency. Similar laws apply in New York, the domiciliary jurisdiction of Aflac's New York insurance subsidiary.
The continued long-term growth of the Company's business may require increases in the statutory capital and surplus of its insurance operations. Aflac’s insurance operations may secure additional statutory capital through various sources, such as internally generated statutory earnings, capital contributions by the Parent Company from funds generated through debt or equity offerings, or reinsurance transactions. The NAIC’s risk-based capital (RBC) formula is used by insurance regulators to help identify inadequately capitalized insurance companies. The RBC formula quantifies insurance risk, business risk, asset risk and interest rate risk by weighing the types and mixtures of risks inherent in the insurer’s operations.
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As of March 31, 2019, Aflac’s RBC ratio remains high and reflects a strong capital and surplus position, even reflecting the full negative impact of the U.S. Tax Act, which was fully adopted in 2018. This reduction occurs as a result of writing down deferred tax assets and the increase in required capital due to the reduction in tax rates. However, Aflac expects to recover from this negative impact over a period of three to five years through additional statutory income, assuming that the additional income is fully retained.
The maximum amount of dividends that can be paid to the Parent Company by Aflac without prior approval of Nebraska's director of insurance is the greater of the net income from operations, which excludes net realized investment gains, for the previous year determined under statutory accounting principles, or 10% of statutory capital and surplus as of the previous year-end. Dividends declared by Aflac during 2019 in excess of $1.3 billion would be considered extraordinary and require such approval. Following the Japan branch conversion to a subsidiary, the Company used extraordinary dividends as needed to actively manage to appropriate RBC levels that are lower yet sufficient to maintain ratings and support prudent capital management.
In addition to limitations and restrictions imposed by U.S. insurance regulators, after the Japan branch conversion on April 1, 2018, the new Japan subsidiary is required to meet certain financial criteria as governed by Japanese corporate law in order to provide dividends to the Parent Company. Under these criteria, dividend capacity at the Japan subsidiary is basically defined as total equity excluding common stock, accumulated other comprehensive income amounts, capital reserves (representing statutorily required amounts in Japan) but reduced for net after-tax unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities. These dividend capacity requirements are generally aligned with the solvency margin ratio (SMR). Japan's Financial Services Agency (FSA) maintains its own solvency standard which is quantified through the SMR. Aflac Japan's SMR is sensitive to interest rate, credit spread, and foreign exchange rate changes, therefore the Company continues to evaluate alternatives for reducing this sensitivity. In the event of a rapid change in market risk conditions causing SMR to decline, the Company has two senior unsecured revolving credit facilities in the amounts of 100 billion yen and 55 billion yen, respectively, and a committed reinsurance facility in the amount of approximately 110 billion yen as a capital contingency plan. Additionally, the Company could take action to enter into derivatives on unhedged U.S. dollar-denominated investments with foreign currency options or forwards. (See Notes 7 and 8 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.)
The Company has already undertaken various measures to mitigate the sensitivity of Aflac Japan's SMR. For example, the Company employs policy reserve matching (PRM) investment strategies, which is a Japan-specific accounting treatment that reduces SMR interest rate sensitivity since PRM-designated investments are carried at amortized cost consistent with corresponding liabilities. In order for a PRM-designated asset to be held at amortized cost, there are certain criteria that must be maintained. The primary criteria relates to maintaining the duration of designated assets and liabilities within a specified tolerance range. If the duration difference is not maintained within the specified range without rebalancing, then a certain portion of the assets must be re-classified as available for sale and held at fair value with any associated unrealized gain or loss recorded in surplus. To rebalance, assets may need to be sold in order to maintain the duration with the specified range, resulting in realizing a gain or loss from the sale. For U.S. GAAP, PRM investments are categorized as available for sale. The Company also uses foreign currency derivatives to hedge a portion of its U.S. dollar-denominated investments. (See Notes 3, 4 and 8 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2018 Annual Report for additional information on the Company's investment strategies, hedging activities, and reinsurance, respectively.)
As of March 31, 2019, Aflac Japan's SMR remains high and reflects a strong capital and surplus position. As part of the conversion of Aflac Japan from a branch to a subsidiary on April 1, 2018, the Company experienced an accounting-driven decline in the SMR of approximately 130 points, based on the SMR as of December 31, 2017. The Company expects to be able to pay dividends out of certain accounts, thus restoring this accounting impact over an estimated three-year period.
Payments are made from Aflac Japan to the Parent Company for management fees, allocated expenses and remittances of earnings. Prior to the Aflac Japan branch conversion on April 1, 2018, Aflac Japan paid allocated expenses and profit remittances to Aflac U.S. The following table details Aflac Japan remittances for the three-month periods ended March 31.
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Aflac Japan Remittances
(In millions of dollars and billions of yen) | 2019 | 2018 | ||||||
Aflac Japan management fees paid to Parent Company | $ | 32 | $ | 40 | ||||
Expenses allocated to Aflac Japan (in dollars) | 2 | 8 | ||||||
Aflac Japan profit remittances to the Parent Company or Aflac U.S. (in dollars) | 256 | 312 | ||||||
Aflac Japan profit remittances to the Parent Company or Aflac U.S. (in yen) | 28.3 | 33.4 | ||||||
For additional information on regulatory restrictions on dividends, profit repatriations and other transfers, see Note 13 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements and the Regulatory Restrictions subsection of MD&A, both in the 2018 Annual Report.
Other
For information regarding commitments and contingent liabilities, see Note 12 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Additional Information
Investors should note that the Company announces material financial information in its SEC filings, press releases and public conference calls. In accordance with SEC guidance, the Company may also use the Investor Relations section of the Company's website (http://investors.aflac.com) to communicate with investors about the Company. It is possible that the financial and other information the Company posts there could be deemed to be material information. The information on the Company's website is not part of this document.
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk |
The Company is exposed primarily to the following types of market risks: currency risk, interest rate risk, credit risk and equity risk. The Company regularly monitors its market risks and uses a variety of strategies to manage its exposure to these market risks. A description of the Company's market risk exposures may be found under “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” in Part II, Item 7A, of the 2018 Annual Report. There have been no material changes to the Company's market risk exposures from the market risk exposures previously disclosed in the 2018 Annual Report.
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures |
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
The Company’s management, with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act)) as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report (the Evaluation Date). Based on such evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of the Evaluation Date, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There have not been any changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the first fiscal quarter of 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings |
On December 14, 2017, three former independent sales contractors filed a shareholders derivative complaint in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York naming the Parent Company as nominal defendant and the Parent Company’s Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, several of its directors, and a former officer and director as defendants. The complaint alleges breaches of fiduciary duty, misstatements and omissions in the Company’s public disclosures, and insider trading. The Company’s Board of Directors had previously established a special litigation committee (SLC) in July 2017 to investigate certain allegations underlying the derivative action. The SLC issued a report of its investigation in September 2017 and another report in February 2018, each of which determined that it was not in the best interests of the Company to pursue the action demanded by the shareholders. An amended complaint was filed on January 31, 2018. On February 12, 2018, this litigation was transferred to the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Georgia. The SLC issued a third report of its investigation in May 2018 regarding certain additional allegations raised in the amended complaint, in which the SLC also determined that it was not in the best interests of the Company to pursue the action demanded by the shareholders. On August 31, 2018, the District Court granted the Company's motion and the amended complaint was dismissed. The plaintiffs have appealed the dismissal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit. The Company believes the outcome of this litigation will not have a material adverse effect on its financial position, results of operation or cash flows.
The Company is a defendant in various lawsuits considered to be in the normal course of business. Members of the Company's senior legal and financial management teams review litigation on a quarterly and annual basis. The final results of any litigation cannot be predicted with certainty. Although some of this litigation is pending in states where large punitive damages, bearing little relation to the actual damages sustained by plaintiffs, have been awarded in recent years, the Company believes the outcome of pending litigation will not have a material adverse effect on its financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds |
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
During the first three months of 2019, the Company repurchased shares of its common stock as follows:
Period | Total Number of Shares Purchased | Average Price Paid Per Share | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs | Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs | |||||||||
January 1 - January 31 | 4,465,400 | $ | 46.44 | 4,465,400 | 64,582,487 | ||||||||
February 1 - February 28 | 4,170,417 | 48.65 | 3,624,583 | 60,957,904 | |||||||||
March 1 - March 31 | 2,162,830 | 49.50 | 2,147,500 | 58,810,404 | |||||||||
Total | 10,798,647 | (1) | $ | 47.91 | 10,237,483 | 58,810,404 | |||||||
(1)During the first three months of 2019, 561,164 shares were purchased in connection with income tax withholding obligations related to the vesting of restricted-share-based awards during the period.
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Item 6. | Exhibits |
(a) | EXHIBIT INDEX | ||||
- | Articles of Incorporation, as amended – incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for June 30, 2008, Exhibit 3.0 (File No. 001-07434). | ||||
- | Bylaws of the Corporation, as amended and restated – incorporated by reference from Form 8-K dated November 10, 2015, Exhibit 3.1 (File No. 001-07434). | ||||
4.0 | - | There are no instruments with respect to long-term debt not being registered in which the total amount of securities authorized exceeds 10% of the total assets of Aflac Incorporated and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis. We agree to furnish a copy of any long-term debt instrument to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request. | |||
- | Shareholders Agreement, dated February 28, 2019, by and between Aflac Incorporated, Japan Post Holdings Co., Ltd., J&A Alliance Holdings Corporation (solely in its capacity as trustee of J&A Alliance Trust), and General Incorporated Association J&A Alliance. | ||||
- | Letter from KPMG LLP regarding unaudited interim financial information. | ||||
- | Certification of CEO dated April 26, 2019, required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. | ||||
- | Certification of CFO dated April 26, 2019, required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. | ||||
- | Certification of CEO and CFO dated April 26, 2019, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. | ||||
101.INS | - | XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. | |||
101.SCH | - | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema. | |||
101.CAL | - | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase. | |||
101.DEF | - | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase. | |||
101.LAB | - | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase. | |||
101.PRE | - | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase. | |||
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
Aflac Incorporated | ||
April 26, 2019 | /s/ Frederick J. Crawford | |
(Frederick J. Crawford) | ||
Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer | ||
April 26, 2019 | /s/ June Howard | |
(June Howard) | ||
Senior Vice President, Financial Services; Chief Accounting Officer | ||
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